Biology Practical 2 Omar Harris Animal Development Fertilization Zygote Vitelline layer Fertilization membrane Cleavage Mitosis Morula Blastulation blastula Blastocoel Gastrulation gastrula Blastopore Archenteron primitive gut Ectoderm outer layer skin associated glands neural tube Mesoderm middle layer muscles skeleton gonads excretory system circulatory system coelom lining Endoderm inner layer lining of the digestive tract and associated organs Neurulation Neural plate groove folds tube seen in the frog Organogenesis formation of organs seen in the chick slides Morphogenesis formation of body plan seen in the chick slides Animal Development Animal Development Holoblastic cleavage complete division of the egg occurs in species whose eggs have little or moderate amounts of yolk Sea Urchins Frogs Humans Meroblastic or discoidal cleavage is the incomplete division of the egg occurs in species with very yolk rich eggs Reptiles and most Birds Extra embryonic Membrane Chorion in birds gas exchange in mammals fetal portion of placenta Amnion in birds and mammals contains amniotic fluid to protect and cushion embryo Allantois in birds metabolic waste area in mammals part of umbilical cord Yolk sac in birds surrounds yolk in mammals also part of umbilical cord Phylogenetic Tree Protostome Mouth first Lophotrochozoa lophophore trochopore Platyhelminthes acelomate Flatworm Rotifera psuedocelomate Mollusca coelomate Clam Squid Annelida coelomate Earthworm Ecdysozoa molting shedding Nematoda psuedocoelmate Roundworm Arthropoda coelomate Crayfish Grasshopper Deuterostome Anus first Echinodermata Starfish Chordata Mollusca Coelomate Clam Squid Class Bivalvia Gills Siphon Locomotion muscular foot Class Cephalopoda Siphon funnel Mouth w radula beak Tentacles Arms Fin Locomotion Jet Propulsion Annelida Earthworm Coelomate Protosome Lophotrochozoa Bilateral triploblastic Segmented Nematoda Roundworm Psuedocoelomate Unsegmented No circulatory system Arthropoda Coelomate Crayfish Aquatic Cephalothorax and abdomen Gills appendages Grasshopper Terrestrial Head thorax abdomen Trachea No appendages Chordata Urochordata tunicates ascidian tadpole with 4 characteristics adult only has pharyngeal slits Cephalochordata lancelets Notochord persists in adults Vertebrata Fish frog bird pig 4 Characteristics DNPP Echinodermata Starfish Deuterostome Emphasis on external anatomy Gonads Stomach Water vascular system Vertebrata Frog and Perch Kidney blood 1 Renal Cortex outer layer nephrons has glomerulous and bowmans capsule The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney responsible for the actual purification and filtration of the 2 Renal Medulla inner layer pyramid like structures 3 Renal Pelvis collects urine Renal Cortex Renal Medulla Renal Pelvis Renal Medulla Sheep Eye 1 Retina produces the picture 2 Lens bends the light 3 Optic Disk blind spot area where the retina leaves the eye and becomes the optic nerve 4 Optic Nerve transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye Sheep Brain 1 Cerebellum balance 2 Pons small dot that connects cerebellum to brain breathing 3 Cerebrum big part voluntary movement 4 Optic Nerve connects eye to brain 5 Corpus Callosum It connects the left and right sides Cerebrum region of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities i e sensory motor emotional Cerebellum region of the brain that coordinates and balances body movement Olfactory Bulb the first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose Heart Artery oxygenated blood away from heart Vein deoxygenated blood to the heart Only exception to the mixture of the 2 are in pulmonary Artery Deoxygentated blood RV to lungs and pulmonary Vein oxygenated blood to the LA Also seen in the umbilical artery and vein Vena Cava Bring Deoxygenated blood from body to RA Aorta Carries Oxygenated blood from LV to the body 4 valves Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral and Aortic Heart heart Pulmonary circuit blood takes up oxygen in the lungs carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the Systemic circuit oxygenated blood is distributed to body tissues supplies blood to every organ of the body Pulmonary Trunk the large artery the pulmonary circuit pumps oxygen poor blood into Aortic Arch gives off arteries that supply the head neck and upper limbs travels through the thoracic and abdominal cavites takes a sharp U turn and passes downward posterior to the heart Pig Oral Cavity Oral cavity path of food and air with associated structures Hard palate Soft palate Esophagus Glottis and Epiglottis beginning of trachea Trachea Larynx opening into nasal chamber Pig Oral Cavity Pic of human oral cavity to understand pharynx larynx Pig Digestive System Pig digestive system in the abdominal cavity organs associated tissue and path of food Esophagus Sphincter Cardiac and Pyloric Stomach Small intestine Large intestine colon Caecum or Cecum Liver Pancreas Spleen Gall Bladder Pig Digestive System Pig Excretory System Pig excretory urinary kidney in abdominal cavity slide is injected kidney Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Pig Excretory System Pig Reproductive System Reproductive male female systems in the abdominal cavity Male vas deferens testes epididymis scrotum anus Female horn of the uterus urethra urogenital opening ovary Male Pig Reproductive System Vas Deferens Testis Epididymis Scrotum Anus Male Pig Reproductive System Female Pig Reproductive System Horn of the Uterus Urethra Urogenital opening Ovary Genital Papilla Female Pig Reproductive System Pig Circulation Neck Carotid Internal and External jugular Thorax and abdomen Aorta Inferior vena cava Coeliac artery to stomach Cranial artery to small intestine Renal artery to kidney Pig Circulation A Right Common Carotid Artery B Right Subclavian Artery C Brachiocephalic Artery D Coronary Artery E Posterior Vena Cava F Exteral Iliac vein G Left Common Carotid Artery H Right Subclavian I Pulmonary Artery J Left Atrium K Left Ventricle L Renal Vein M Renal Artery N External Iliac vein O Umbilical Artery Different chambered animals 2 chambers heart contains one ventricle and one atrium and it can be found in fish Perch 3 chambers heart contains one ventricle and 2 atria and it can be found in reptiles and amphibians Frogs 4 chambers heart contains 2 ventricles and 2 atria and it can be found in mammals birds and crocodiles Pig Pigeon Humans Fetal Modification to circulation Ductus Arteriosus in a fetal pig connector holding the pulmonary artery