Chemistry Chapter 1 3 Test 1 Chapter 1 Matter and Measurements a Matter and it s classifications September 16 2014 i Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space 1 Classification based on physical phases a Solid fixed shape and fixed volume b Liquid fixed volume and indefinite volume c Gas neither fixed shape nor volume a Pure substance fixed composition and unique composition 2 Classification based on composition i Element on the periodic table same element repeating can t be broken down into two or more pure substances 1 2 Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room Identified by symbol temperature one of the densest elements ii Compounds 2 different elements mixture of elements in fixed ratio that repeats itself 1 Ex water methane acetylene napathalene 2 Always contains the same elements in the same percentages by mass mixtures vary in composition 3 Heat is usually the only necessary means of getting compound back to its elements a Also electrolysis passing an electric current through a compound usually in liquid state b Mixture composed of 2 substances combined in a way that each substance retains chemical identity i Homogenous uniform composition in which the composition is the same throughout looks the same 1 Also known as a solution made up of a solvent and 1 solvents can have solutions in the physical state ex Brass a Filtration 1 Different methods to separate ii Heterogeneous nonuniform mixtures in which the composition varies throughout can look and see the different parts separates heterogeneous solid liquid mixture mixture passed through barrier with fine pores solid remains and liquid goes through resolves homogenous solid liquid mixtures liquid vaporizes and leaves solid residue and liquid is obtained by condensing the vapor differences in the solubility and or adsorption on a solid surface i Gas liquid chromatography c Chromatography b Distillation b Properties of Substances i Properties used to identify substances must be intensive independent of amount they can t be extensive depend on amount like mass or volume 1 How to tell difference between homogenous mixture and pure substance a Chemical properties observed when the substance takes part in a chemical reaction a change that converts it to a new substance b Physical properties observed without changing the chemical i Ex heating how silver reacts to air identity of the substance from solid to liquid i Melting point temperature at which a substance changes temperature at which bubbles filled with ii Boiling point iii Density vapor from within a liquid ratio of mass to volume It is an intensive property 1 D m v 2 3 Volume of regular solid measured using dimensions 4 Volume of irregular solid displacement 5 Sinks density 1 6 Floats density 1 process by which a solute dissolves in a solvent is 1 Units mass of solute g 100g of water 2 Solubility of solids in water generally decreases with iv Solubility ordinarily a physical change lower temperature a On a graph left i Above line won t all dissolve solute ii Below line solute dissolves iii Line transition 3 Saturated the solution has as much solute dissolved as it can all solution is dissolved and none is left line of graph below line on graph graph 4 Unsaturated solution could have more solute in it 5 Supersaturated solute left undissolved above line on 6 Gas solubility a Increases with lower temperature c Measurements i Units L mg 1 Length metric unit is the meter m 2 Volume expressed as cubic centimeters cm milliliters mL or liters 3 a 1mL 1cm b Device most commonly used to measure this graduated cylinder 3 Mass commonly expressed in grams g kilograms kg or milligrams 3 4 Temperature factor that determines the direction of heat flow a Measure of how much matter is in an object a T f 1 8T c 32 b Unit of measurement is kelvin 1 273 16 of the difference between the lowest attainable temperature 0K and the triple point of water 0 01 C ii Significant Figures i T K t c 273 15 1 Non zero numbers 2 Zeros a Always significant a Leading zeros never significant 0 00132 b Middle zeroes always significant 1032 c Trailing Zeros i Decimal point present always significant ii No decimal point present ambiguous 200 has 1 2 or 3 3 Exact numbers count data 4 Adding Subtracting a Not a measurement infinite significant figures a Answer has as many decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places 5 Multiplying Dividing a Answer has as many significant figures as the measurement with the least number of sig figs 6 Rounding a Greater than 500 round up b Less than 500 round down c Equal to 500 i If last significant figure is 1 Odd round last digit up 2 Even last digit stays the same d Metric Prefixes 106 103 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 Mega Kilo Deci Centi Mili Micro Nano Pico e Molecular elements and their physical states at room temperature Group 15 N 2 g P4 s Group 16 O2 g S8 s M k d c m n p Group 17 H 2 g F 2 g Cl2 g Br2 l I 2 s Supplemental Instruction Worksheet Chapter 1 1 Identify the following as a pure substance or mixture and specify if it is an element compound heterogeneous mixture or homogenous mixture a Soup b Aluminum c Coffee d Sugar e Vinaigrette dressing with herbs 2 How many significant figures are in a 35 8 g b 0 035 m c 1 276 x 105 kg d 120 0 feet e 150 oC 3 Round each of the following to the indicated number of significant figures a 35 0521 oz 4 significant figures b 18 550 lbs 3 significant figures c 500 22 K 3 significant figures d 12 05 g 3 significant figures e 11 698 m 1 significant figure 4 Calculate a 2 63 4 982 115 7 b 2 0 127 459 6 2 0 567 6 022 x 10 c 23 129 58 x 10 4 4 5 x 1016 5 At sea distances are measured in nautical miles and speeds are expressed in knots 1 nautical mile 6076 12 ft 1 knot 1 nautical mi hr Other conversion necessary conversion factors 5280 ft 1 mile 12 in 1 ft 1 meter 100 cm 2 54 cm 1 in a How many miles are in 1 nautical mile b How many meters are in 1 nautical mile c A ship is traveling at a rate of 22 knots Express the ship s speed in miles per hour Chemistry 1127Q SI Worksheet Chapter 1 and 2 1 Classify each of the following as a chemical or physical property a The marble has a density of 10g mL b Propane reacts spontaneously to form oxygen carbon dioxide and heat c When NaCl reacts with ethane it gives off a bright red light d The lithium bromide is dissolves in water 2 Classify each of the following as an intensive or extensive property a There are 25g of Pb …