Name Tina Mirzazadeh Individual Response The uses of antibiotics for livestock accounts for 80 of all antibiotics sold in the United States and are often issued to animals that are not ill Natural Resources Defence Council These antibiotics are arguably used as a substitute for better living conditions prevent infection and to encourage a faster rate of maturity However these antibiotics can target weaker bacterial strains and contribute to antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria There is also evidence support the increase in fertility as a result of antibiotics being routinely added to food McDougall Fodder is often added with the antibiotics and sepiolite promotes the direct transfer of antibiotic resistant plasmids between bacterial species Rodriguez Beltran Rodriguez Rojas and Yubero This direct transfer can genetically modify other bacteria and result in a highly virulent strain Therefore the antibiotic will not be effective against calf scours caused by rotavirus or coronavirus such as BVD IBR PI 3 and BRSV There was a study done that showed 41 of beet cattle had BVD antibiotics If the cow gets resisted to BVD antibiotics there is no other cures for this disease and the cow will die Also this virus spread through the cow s poop therefore it can spread over very easily to other cows and the population of the cows can decrease significantly However there are some arguments that promotes using antibiotics This argument states that if we use a certain amount of antibiotics over a certain period of time we can prevent the cows from being resistance to these antibiotics But theses amount of antibiotics have not been calculated and it s unknown However there are positive sides on using antibiotics for example using 0 5g of cephinirin antibiotic to improve the reproductive performance of cows Also there was study done to reverse resistance on farms even among the first group of animals that are grown without antibiotics So we can reverse the resistance of cows if they get resistance to antibiotics and we can continue on using antibiotics But the side effects of reverse resistance of antibiotics have not been discovered yet and it is not a safe procedure to be done on the cows Also there is a limit on the type of bacteria that can be reverse resistance Therefore this method is not useful At the end the Baroness should not implement the Kenmore Project Because the negative affects of using antibiotics on the cows are way more that the positive effects of using antibiotics And it can decrease the population of the cows significantly and cause some major diseases in the cows Also There is also the concern that the bacterial infection can spread to humans such as MRSA Centres for Disease Control and Prevention strains which are highly resistant and more difficult to treat An endemic condition of dairy cows is mastitis which is an inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue caused by a bacterial infection through the teat Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Some farmers consider it socially desirable to over treat affected cows to have the perception of being a good farmer Swinkels Hilkens and Zoche Golob A report has stated that the Food and Drug Administration FDA is aware of the correlation between administering antibiotics to human food supply animals and antibiotic resistant infections in humans Heinzerling Works Cited Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board Mastitis in Dairy Cows 2015 Electronic 03 April 2015 This website was particularly useful with the definition of mastitis how it is spread in a dairy farm environment and alternative methods of treatments other than antibiotics It mentions a strategy implemented in the 1960s that is still used in modern times which reduces the number of cases and methods for controlling an outbreak This article is not peer reviewed but not biased This source is reliable because DairyCo is designed to give evidence based resources to assist farmers which will assist them with their dairy business Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Infections 8 January 2015 Electronic 10 April 2015 This website defines MRSA and provides links for more specific information MRSA infections are relevant as it is a bacterial infection in humans that is resistant to antibiotics and therefore highly virulent and more difficult to treat There is no bias and it is reliable in this page as the CDC is a reputable government website although it is not peer reviewed Heinzerling Lisa Undue Process at the FDA Antibiotics Animal Feed and Agency Intransigence Research Paper Georgetown Georgetown University Law Center 2014 Electronic Just considering the abstract of this paper it states that the FDA may be in stasis regarding antibiotics to cattle and therefore contributing to the larger issue of bacterial resistance This report is not biased and neither is this source A Law center is responsible for publishing this report therefore it is reliable and though not peer reviewed McDougall S I Effect of Intrauterine Antibiotic Treatment on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows Following per Parturient Disease National Centre for Biotechnology Information 2001 Electronic This source is useful as it outlines the positive effect antibiotics can have on cattle in regards to their reproduction There is no bias in this article and it s reliable as the author works in the field the website is a government site and is also peer reviewed Natural Resources Defence Council Food Farm Animals and Drugs October 2014 NRDC Case Study Going Mainstream Meat and Poultry Raised without Antibiotics Electronic 10 April 2015 This resource is useful as it is a case study which outlines the benefits and savings to not using antibiotics on cattle destined for human consumption This is not a peer reviewed article although it does come from a government agency therefore it is reliable Rodriguez Beltran Jeronimo et al The Animal Food Supplement Sepiolite Promotes a Direct Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids between Bacterial Species Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2013 2651 2653 Electronic This article is highly relevant as it discusses the process by which antibiotic resistance can be transferred from one bacterium to another This could also lead to an outbreak of bacterial resistance This article was peer reviewed for a journal This source in not bias and it s reliable because it is from an