1 Chapter 6 Long Term Memory Structure Introduction Korsakoff s Syndrome It is caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin B1 usually caused by chronic alcoholism This leads to damage in the frontal and temporal lobes which causes severe and permanent impairments in memory Anterograde Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia The loss of the ability to retain new knowledge The loss of memory for events that happened in the past Distinguishing between Long Term Memory and Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Definition it is the system that is responsible for storing information for long periods of time Long Term and Short term Processes Anything past 30 seconds is in LTM B B Murdoch Jr Serial Position Curve Memory is better for words at the end of the list and in the beginning of the list Primacy Effect Responsible for better memory for the words in the beginning of the list People had time to rehearse the words from the beginning of the list Dewey Rundus He tested the primacy effect by allowing for more time between words as to allow for more rehearsal time and it worked Recency Effect Better memory for the words at the end of the list Murray Glanzer and Anita Cuntiz They waited 30 seconds between when the last word was presented and when the participants had to say the words and it got rid of the recency effect Coding in Long Term Memory Predominant Coding Type Semantic coding is the dominant type of coding done in LTM Jacqueline Sachs She demonstrated the importance of meaning in LTM 2 She had them listen to a tape and see if they remembered the exact wording or the general meaning of the message Recognition Memory Is the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier Present words then have them read something then show them words ands see if they saw they saw the word in the first list Results Meaning rather than specific wording is remembered in LTM Locating Short and Long Term memory in the brain Neuropsychology Studies STM and LTM are different parts in the brain The Case of H M Removed the hippocampus on both sides of the brain to stop It stopped the seizures but also stopped his ability to form new seizures LTM The case of K F She couldn t do the digit span and didn t have a recency curve so she had no STM Brain Imaging Deborah Talmi They measured the fMRI response to LTM and STM She found different activations for STM and LTM BUT There are not clear cut results on the location of the LTM or STM and there might be overlap Types of Long Term Memory There are two main types Explicit Declarative Conscious Memory for personal experiences Stored knowledge and memory for facts Implicit Nondeclarative Unconscious Episodic Semantic Priming A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or similar stimulus Ex reading recently viewed words is easier than new words 3 Procedural Memory Classical Conditioning Is memory for doing things so skilled learning Pairing and initially neutral stimulus with another stimulus results in the neutral stimulus taking on the new properties Little Albert Episodic and Semantic Memory Explicit Distinguishing between Episodic and Semantic Memory Endel Tulving He suggested that these can be separated based on the type of experience associated with each Mental Time Travel Knowing This is the experience associated with episodic memory and it is the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past Ex This feels like self knowing or remembering In the pool with chaim in florida This is for semantic memories It is for things about the world that don t have to do with personal experience It is about things we know about Ex Not thinking about when I was i Florida but about what I know about Florida The Separation between Episodic and Semantic Memories Neuropsychological Evidence The case of K C Damaged his hippocampus and surrounding areas after a motorcycle accident He lost his episodic memory His is unable to have memories of the past but still remember some events like his brother died or the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling So he lost a major aspect of his episodic memory but his semantic memory is largely intact Italian Women She had encephalitis and then had difficulty remembering people or things about the world So she lost her semantic memory Brain Imaging Evidence Brian Levine He had people audiorecord personal day events and events about facts When these people reheard the tapes while in a MRI machine they had different parts of their brain active Connections Between Episodic and Semantic Memories 4 Episodic Memories can be lost Leaving only Semantic Memories Morphing memories The turning of both episodic and semantic to just semantic Ex Graduating high school Now you can remember the details but as you get older those details will fade But you will still remember where you graduated and the year Semantic memory can be enhanced if associated with episodic memories If the memory is personal it is easier to remember Roger Westmacott Showed that people remember names of singer if that is associated with a personal memory Ex Singer if went to concert Semantic memory can influence our experience by influencing attention Semantic knowledge could lead to more attention to detail which will cause a better memory Ex guy and girl watching the football game Guy sees an amazing trick play and remembers it the girl just sees passes and runs So knowledge lead to attention which lead to memory The presentation of one stimulus the priming stimulus changes the response to a subsequent test stimulus the test stimulus either positively Positive Priming causes an increase in speed or accuracy to respond to the test stimulus or negatively causes a decrease or accuracy of the response to the test stimulus Is when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming Repetition Priming stimulus Ex A response to the word bird will be faster after the word bird was presented this will happen if the participant doesn t know that they saw the word bird The enhancement from the priming stimulus is based on meaning of the Ex The presentation of the word furniture will make you respond Conceptual Priming stimulus faster to chair Methodology Word Completion Task Participants are presented with half a word Par and this is after Priming Procedural Memory and Conditioning Implicit Priming Definition 5 they were primed with parrot so there is a better chance they say the word parrot over