Exam 4 Guide EA European American HA Hispanic American AA African American AsAs Asian American Chapter 12 Smoking Know the history of tobacco use European settlers were exposed to tobacco use by native Americans and the habit spread quickly by 1963 over half of men were using cigarettes but rates are steadily declining 50 decline since 1965 Be able to identify who smokes 21 of Americans are smokers 21 are former smokers 58 have never smoked Traits of smokers on average male low income low education thus low SES low IQ high impulsivity less health conscious Native American highest rates are NAs then EAs then HAs than AAs with lowest rates are AsAs and depressed Strongest predictors are education level and ethnicity Be able to describe reasons people smoke Genetics twins studies have shown evidence of this identical twins more likely to smoke than fraternal twins probably due to genes that regulate dopamine functioning pleasure reward center but there is a gene environment interaction Social Pressure social contagion where non smokers who have contact with smokers are much more likely to begin smoking and once you smoke you tend to prefer the company of other smokers because of reduced perception of harm form smoking Advertising and media TV and movies may promote smoking by showing it ad campaigns are effective particularly for getting teenagers to start smoking Weight control many cite as a reason for beginning especially among women and teens and many cite as reason for not quitting fear of weight gain from quitting especially among EA women Addiction continue to smoke even after negative consequences to avoid withdrawal symptoms like irritability depressed mood insomnia appetite increase cognitive problems and cravings nicotine affects dopamine receptors and can increase performance Smoking can also be enjoyable Positive and negative reinforcement Optimistic bias positive experiences while smoking promote wanting to smoke more positive reinforcement smoking will prevent negative experiences to occur like withdrawal stress etc negative reinforcement people think smoking isn t as bad for them as it is for other people optimistic bias Be able to describe the negative health effects of smoking Be able to identify other forms of tobacco Smoking is the biggest cause of preventable death and it may have a synergistic effect with other risk factors Smoking is the chief cause of death in developed countries mostly due to cancer of the lung lip oral cavity esophagus pancreas larynx trachea bladder and kidney but lung cancer death rates are decreasing especially in men Cardiovascular disease is the second highest cause of death due to smoking because smoking doubles CVD risk and Chronic lower respiratory disease is the 3rd leading cause of death in US and smoking accounts for the majority of the diseases Death and injuries from fire due to smoking Smokers are more likely to have periodontal problems ulcers psychological and substance abuse issues low birth weight erectile dysfunction increases risk by up to 50 and financial strain from the cost of smoking buying packs and associated health care costs Cigars pipe smoking isn t as common and tends to be slightly less dangerous because you don t inhale but still is dangerous elevated risk for cancer and CVD Hookah 100 million people use hookah daily the effects are less known but there is an elevated risk of carbon monoxide poisoning higher risk than cigarettes periodontal disease 5x more common than people who smoke cigarettes cancer and birth defects Smokeless tobacco dip common among certain groups adolescent males EAs and HAs but is associated with cancer oral and periodontal disease Passive smoking secondhand smoke can cause cancer and CVD and can greatly affect the health of non smoking spouses of smokers Also children under 2 have the greatest issues when they have a smoking parent but older children can be affected as well 40 of children in the US are exposed to cigarette smoke in their home Quitting without therapy very common people who do this believe it will be a positive change have high self efficacy and high self control Formal cessation programs only 20 30 actually quit because most people can quit on their own so the only people who are in formal programs are the people who are having a hard time quitting anyways Social support big predictor for success in quitting and preventing relapse especially if social support contains supportive non smokers especially in couples Stress management relaxation and lifestyle changes predict maintenance success Trans theoretical model the model was created to understand smoking cessation addresses a stage they are currently in in order to move them to Be able to explain ways people quit smoking a stage where you would quit Intervention that target people in the pre contemplation stage focus on attitudes towards smoking emphasizing negative social attitudes and consequences Interventions in the contemplation stage in order to move them towards the action stage they will focus on implementation intentions ex if I crave a cigarette I will eat a carrot stick instead strategies for quitting and CBT Studies find mixed results in these interventions Health care provider interventions can help in cessation and preventing relapse This is most useful when the practitioner focuses on tips on quitting instead of why they should quit This can be effective but it is uncommon Nicotine Replacement Medicine pharmacological approaches in different forms are somewhat effective eases withdrawal Community campaigns effective but can be very expensive Workplace interventions not super effective effects aren t sustained and hard to implement but workplace bans do decrease tobacco use Internet interventions convenient but no commitment Be able to know who quits Women stress in their life can make it harder to quit fear of weight gain from quitting but levels of quitting tend to be similar to men Higher education makes quitting easier with more access to cessation Low alcohol use drinking may impair cognitive ability to abstain from campaigns smoking Strong social support Relapse prevention prepare for quitting so relapse does not occur so prepare for withdrawal symptoms and cravings avoid triggers acknowledge that one cheat is ok and to continue quitting instead of entirely falling off the bandwagon because they had one cigarette contingency contracts Be able to describe the effects of quitting smoking Weight