Study Guide for Exam 3 Fertility mortality fertility patterns mortality rates used to be high needed to have more kids in order to have children to work on the farms when urbanization began children weren t needed for work parents began having less kids 1950 s baby boom since then rates began to decline again b c women joined workforce infant mortality decreased invention of birth control nationally birthrates are declining but still stable Socialization of children changing conceptions of children and childhood our ideas about children have changed children socialized by parents peers media etc socialization is a reciprocal process parents socialize children and children socialize parents industrial revolution important in changing ideas of families Transition to parenthood major life event many changes occur during transition to being a couple to being parents mothers may need to take time off work to take care of kids father needs to be home more as well change in gender roles moving toward a more equitable system between men women Social construction of motherhood fatherhood how these concepts have changed over time changing constantly due to many factors ex women s movement 40 of houses have women as primary breadwinners Work and family issues including breadwinner fathers traditional arrangements work family stress working mothers increasing need to provide for spend time w family is driving work family stress mothers now are spending more time w their kids than they did in the past while also working traditional arrangements don t have work family stress because mom is home taking care of kids while dad is working Gender role convergence separate spheres becoming less separate same expectations for both parents Maternal gate keeping mothers want to do everything in the house care for kids hurts father s self esteem makes them less likely to want to help amount of time spent by working parents today on kids vs in past parents spend much more time now w kids than they did in the past Feminization of poverty more and more women becoming poor women more likely than men to become poor b c they have the kids post divorce women are worse off b c men make more money women can t take time off from work to take care of kids etc Poverty line minimum govt thinks someone can live on income inequalities in the West US has the highest inequalities has the poorest richest people in the world Stay at home dads vs moms negative stigma of stay at home fathers as a society we say men women should be equal however we have undermining systems that cause inequality ex moms get kids after divorce moms do the cooking etc Factors around Intimate Partner Violence IPV the act of violence between intimate partners broader term Battered women s syndrome woman abused but feels like she can t leave family honeymoon period where perpetrator apologizes then cycle repeats sometimes leads to woman wanting to kill husband people stay in these relationships b c financial reasons social connections Elder abuse and sibling abuse most common children their adult parents Sandwich generation adults with little kids and old parents boomerang generation kids returning home Divorce separation divorce is not always a bad thing every divorce is different length of a marriage does not determine how happy a marriage is divorce is a long process doesn t happen overnight women more likely to initiate divorce Different eras of divorce Divorce rates over the years divorce was not common pre 1940s but did happen sometimes then peak in 40s drop in 50s then rose in 60 s women s movement soc changes had to prove partner was at fault however high demand for divorce caused these rules to change 1970s divorce rates highest they ve ever been steady decline since 80s No fault divorce adopted by every state in US no longer need to prove partner was at fault in order to be granted divorce Children and divorce impact on children depends on how parents dealt w the situation Characteristics of step families biggest cause of divorce in 2nd marriages kids don t get along challenges for parents and kids kids have to see new person as their authority figure money men are more likely to get remarried b c they have more options w younger women Characteristics of remarriage people better at picking spouses second time Child support issues child care in U S courts sometimes need to step in based on income expenses child care clothes food schooling etc Caretaking and the elderly generally daughters are the ones who take care of the elderly Gerontology study of older adults Globalization and its effects the integration of different social economic political systems combining Family Medical Leave Act FMLA if a company has 15 employees they have to give women 12 weeks maternity leave