For each chapter please refer to each chapter PowerPoint on black board These are notes are added notes when reviewed in class to different slides on the PowerPoint Biology 111 Class Notes Chapter 2 In an element Atoms are a fundamental structure Protons determine the atomic number Positive charge Neurons neutral charge Electrons negative charge Atomic mass Protons Neurons Elements are substances that can t be broken down 1st electron shell 2 or less 2nd and 3rd shell can hold up to 8 The 3rd shell electrons are valence electrons Ionic dissolved in water Electron Shells Refer to slide 17 Refer to slide 19 Refer to slide 23 Partial charge Refer to slide 29 Refer to slide 32 Refer to slide 33 Triple bonded carbon isn t stable and will want to break apart easily Shared but with more effort on one side unfair sharing between electrons Collectively Hydrogen bonds may become stronger Gives electron positive and gains an electron causing a negative charge Sharing a bond between 2 unequal elements The stronger bond will be dominate and will cause a stronger pull unfairly shared polar charge When a substance is hydroPHILLIC it likes water polar receives a positive charge When a substance is hydroPHOBIC it does not like water non polar receives a negative charge Another word for basic is alkaline When you go from 7 to 13 on the PH scale you are becoming more alkaline AND more acidic Math on the PH Scale 7 to 13 the difference between it is 6 Therefore you would have 10 6 10 to the 6th power with equals 1 000 000 So the difference between 7 to 13 on the PH Scale is 1 000 000 not 6 or 10 6 3 to 5 on the PH scale becoming more alkaline and less acidic The difference is 100 Water has a lot of hydrogen bonds which is why water takes a while to boil The hydrogen bonds Refer to slide 35 stick together and resist boiling Refer to slide 38 Water at a solid and at a liquid takes up a large amount of space due to hydrogen bonds Without these hydrogen bonds when a lake freezes over there wouldn t be able to be a solid layer of ice on top of the water It would freeze the entire lake to the bottom