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MDC BSC 2010 - An Introduction to Metabolism

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Chapter 8Overview: The Energy of LifeSlide 3Concept 8.1: An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamicsOrganization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic PathwaysLE 8-UN141Slide 7Forms of EnergySlide 9LE 8-2The Laws of Energy TransformationThe First Law of ThermodynamicsThe Second Law of ThermodynamicsLE 8-3Slide 15Biological Order and DisorderConcept 8.2: The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneouslyFree-Energy Change, GFree Energy, Stability, and EquilibriumFree Energy and MetabolismExergonic and Endergonic Reactions in MetabolismExergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactionsLE 8-6aSlide 24Slide 25LE 8-6bEquilibrium and MetabolismLE 8-7aLE 8-7bLE 8-7cConcept 8.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactionsThe Structure and Hydrolysis of ATPLE 8-8Slide 34LE 8-9Slide 36How ATP Performs WorkTypes of work our cells do using ATP?LE 8-11The Regeneration of ATPLE 8-12Slide 42Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriersLE 8-13The Activation Energy BarrierLE 8-14How Enzymes Lower the EA BarrierLE 8-15Substrate Specificity of EnzymesLE 8-16Catalysis in the Enzyme’s Active SiteLE 8-17Web sites to check :Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme ActivityEffects of Temperature and pHLE 8-18Characteristics of enzymes.Slide 58Cofactorsenzyme inhibitorsEnzyme InhibitorsSlide 62LE 8-19Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolismAllosteric Regulation of EnzymesAllosteric regulation How?Allosteric Activation and InhibitionLE 8-20aSlide 69LE 8-20bFeedback InhibitionLE 8-21Specific Localization of Enzymes Within the CellLE 8-22Slide 75LE 8-10LE 8-5Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsPowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh EditionNeil Campbell and Jane ReeceLectures by Chris RomeroChapter 8Chapter 8An Introduction to MetabolismCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOverview: The Energy of Life•The living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur•The cell extracts energy and applies energy to perform workCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings• Some organisms ( fungus here) even convert energy to light, as in bioluminescenceCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsConcept 8.1: An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics•Metabolism is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions•Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cellCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOrganization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic Pathways•A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product•Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzymeLE 8-UN141LE 8-UN141Enzyme 1A BReaction 1Enzyme 2CReaction 2Enzyme 3DReaction 3ProductStartingmoleculeCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds•Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones•Bioenergetics is the study of how organisms manage their energy resourcesCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsForms of Energy•What is energy? Energy is the capacity to cause change•Energy exists in various forms, some of which can perform workCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings TYPES OF ENERGY•Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion–Heat (thermal energy) is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules•Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure–Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction•Energy can be converted from one form to anotherLE 8-2LE 8-2On the platform,the diver hasmore potentialenergy.Diving convertspotentialenergy to kinetic energy.Climbing up convertskinetic energy ofmuscle movement topotential energy.In the water, the diver has lesspotential energy.Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Laws of Energy Transformation•Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations•A closed system, such as that approximated by liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings•In an open system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings•Organisms are open systemsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe First Law of Thermodynamics•According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is constant–Energy can be transferred and transformed–Energy cannot be created or destroyed•The first law is also called the principle of conservation of energyCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Second Law of Thermodynamics•During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, often lost as heat•According to the second law of thermodynamics, every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universeLE 8-3LE 8-3Chemical energyHeatCO2First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamicsH2OCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•Living cells convert organized forms of energy to heat•Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly•For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universeCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBiological Order and Disorder•Cells create ordered structures from less ordered materials•Organisms also replace ordered forms of matter and energy with less ordered forms•The evolution of more complex organisms does not violate the second law of thermodynamics•Entropy (disorder) may decrease in an organism, but the universe’s total entropy increasesCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsConcept 8.2: The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously•Biologists want to know which reactions occur spontaneously and which require input of energy•To do so, they need to determine


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MDC BSC 2010 - An Introduction to Metabolism

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