A substance that when left out of a diet leads to signs of poor health death Human Nutrition Midterm 1 Study Guide August 27 Essential Nutrient Vitamin A deficiency Add back reverses condition Body cannot make or cannot make enough Specific biological function 6 Classes of Nutrients Carbohydrates Fats Composed of C H O Provide a major source of fuel for the body Basic unit is monosaccharide glucose Energy yielding 4 kcal gm Simple and Complex CHO Fats and oils Composed of C H and fewer O Basic unit is fatty acid Triglyceride is the major form of lipid Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty Acids Essential Fatty Acids Energy yielding 9 kcal gm Proteins Vitamins Composed of C O H N Basic unit is amino acid Make up bones muscles other tissues and components 9 Essential amino acid 11 Nonessential amino acid Energy yielding 4 kcal gm Composed of various elements Vital to life Essential Enable chemical reactions Needed in tiny amounts Water soluble Yields no energy Fat soluble Minerals Inorganic substances essential Function in cellular process nervous system water balance structural Needed in tiny amounts Not destroyed in cooking Trace minerals Major minerals Yields no energy Composed of H O Vital to life essential Requires about 8 cups day Water Is a solvent lubricant medium for transport chemical processes and temperature regulator Makes up majority of our body Yields no energy August 29 Energy Yielding Nutrients CHO 4 kcal gm Protein 4 kcal gm Alcohol 7 kcal gm Fat 9 kcal gm Body Mass Index weight lbs X 703 height2 inches BMI 19 24 25 29 30 40 Category Healthy Overweight Obese September 3 RDA Recommended Dietary Allowances RDAs are daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals 97 to 98 in a life stage Recommended intakes of nutrients that meet the needs of almost all healthy people of similar age and gender the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences Set 20 above what an average person needs Meets the needs of 97 of all individuals Accommodates for people with higher needs RDAs by definition are generous allowances Set for only 19 nutrients Improvement in health are not expected if consume more than the RDA amounts Goal is to eat close to the RDA amounts Short term deficiencies appear harmless Using The RDA Interpreting food consumption of a population individual Planning and procuring food supplies for population subgroups Establishing standards for food assistance programs Meeting national nutritional needs Designing nutrition education programs Developing new food products in industry Daily Values Standards set for persons over 4 years old Nutrition standards for food labels Exceptions infants toddlers pregnancy and lactation Based on Typically highest RDA values Nutrient Fact Panel Standardized serving size Based on typical American serving sizes Must list the following nutrients Total calories calories from fat total fat saturated fat cholesterol sodium total carbohydrates fiber sugars protein Vitamin A and C calcium and iron Fortified or nutrients mentioned in health claims must also be included MyPlate Puts Dietary Guidelines into action 2011 revision of MyPyramid Emphasizes fruit vegetable grain protein and dairy food groups www choosemyplate gov What is a healthy diet food To consume a variety of foods balanced by a moderate intake of each September 8 ENTIRE LECTURE September 12 Monosaccharide Glucose o Blood sugar Fructose o High fructose corn syrup Galactose o Part of lactose Sugar Alcohols monosaccharide derivatives o Xylitol mannitol and sorbitol Pentoses 5 carbon o Ribose and Deoxyribose Disaccharide Two monosaccharides linked by a condensation reaction o Alpha or beta C O C bonds connect them Maltose Sucrose Lactose o Glucose and Glucose alpha bond o Glucose and Fructose alpha bond o Galactose and Glucose beta bond Health Benefits of Dietary Fiber Soften stool Larger stool promotes peristalsis Absorbs and holds water Promotes regularity Lower risk for cardiovascular disease Decrease hemorrhoids and diverticula Recommended Intake of Carbs RDA 130 grams 45 65 of total energy needs 25g d women under 50 21g d after 51 38g d men under 50 30g d after 51 Limit added sugars and caloric sweeteners Fiber 14g 1000kcal is adequate intake Functions of Ingestible Carbs in the Body Promoting bowel health o Constipation and hemorrhoids o Diverticulosis and diverticulitis Reducing obesity risk o Fullness and satiety Enhancing blood glucose control Reducing cholesterol absorption o soluble fibers o soluble fibers Carb Indigestion Health Concern Very High Fiber Diets above 50 60 grams High fiber low fluid constipation hemorrhoids blockage Decrease absorption of certain minerals High Sugar Diets Increase risk of weight gain and obesity Increase risk of dental caries Cardiovascular disease Decreased lactase production Associated with disease that damage the lactase producing Lactose Intolerance Primary Secondary cells Glucose Intolerance Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia
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