PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OF AGING REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR TEST 2 Spring 2016 CHAPTERS 3 4 and 5 CHAPTER 3 Physical Development and Decline 1 Changes in body shape e g changes in height and weight associated with a Anthropometry the branch of science dealing with the measurement of the human body age and gender b Height i Males 1 Height increases until age 20 declines slowly loss of about 4 by 70 yrs ii Females 1 Height increases until 16 18 yrs then declines loss of about 3 by 70 yrs c Age 60 89 all decades showed a decrease in height Loss in mean height ranged from 1 9 to 6 7 cm across 3 decades d Consistent loss by genders changed little until age 40 e Change in height for women in the 60s 70s was more than for men f Loss in height attributed to vertebral compression changes in height avg 1 5 cm in 60s 2 cm in 70s and shape of cartilaginous discs g Accelerated rate of loss in stature for women attributable to h Height loss of about 1 cm per decade occurs during the 40s and 50s hormonal diet weight and physical activity difference women develop osteoporosis more than men with accelerated height loss after age 60 in both genders but to greater extent in women i Weight i healthy weight should replace ideal weight associate weight with lowest mortality and morbidity rates ii Healthy weight ranges table 3 pg 58 iii Prevalence of obesity based on age and gender has increased for all ages is higher in women than men iv Obesity 1 Men a 25 increase in 20 29 yr olds b 115 increase in 50 59 yr olds 2 Women a Largest increase 139 in 20 29 yr olds with less increase in older age groups v Average Body weight of American females continues to increase until 45 or 50 yrs then stabilizes until 70 1 Males also increases up to 40 yrs plateau at 55 then gradual decline in weight vi Pattern of weight loss at 65 70 yrs explained 3 ways 1 Selective Survival possibility that the obese young and middle age persons die prematurely 2 Cohort Effect the older people come from cohorts in which obesity was less common 3 Truly attributable to the aging process vii Involuntary loss of weight in older adults is the single best predictor for risk of death viii Although there is growing concern in the United States about Obesity particularly the increase in children and young adults in the past 20 yrs the unusual or sudden loss of body weight in the elderly is also a concern 2 Body mass index BMI with age a Calculate BMI body weight kg height m 2 higher BMI high proportion of fat b Or in younger weight trained individuals greater muscle mass also could be associated with high BMI c BMI CLASSIFICATIONS i Underweight 18 5 ii Normal desirable 18 5 24 9 iii Overweight 25 0 29 9 iv Obesity 1 Mild 30 0 34 9 2 Moderate 35 0 39 9 3 Severe 40 d abdominal obesity also a indicator of morbidity and mortality e Large waste circumference was found to be a better indicator of all cause mortality at least in nonsmokers than high BMI or waist hip ratio In men decrease in body weight after 40 primarily due to decrease in muscle mass f i Very old men 80 90 both muscle and fat loss thus resulting in a large decrease in body weight g In women increases body weight through 50 primarily to a continuous increase in fat mass and fluctuations in fat mass while muscles does continue to decline fat turning the next 3 decades so there is little change in BMI h Both men and women lose muscle mass after 25 yrs but also put on i Men women who never smoked and were disease free saw the greatest health risks with increase weight j White men and women has highest death risk k Lowest relative risk of death seen for those with BMI between 22 and 26 risk of death increases for smokers l BMI s often measured in large population studies because of simplicity and low cost m BMI has limitations with older adults overestimates body fat for people who are very muscular underestimate fat for people who have lost muscle mass older adults Unanswered question is whether greater fatness in older adults poses additional health risks 3 Fat mass and fat free mass changes with age and gender differences in exercise induced adaptations a Adults can have same body weight and height but different body b The measurement of skinfolds is the most often used clinical measure compositions for determining body fat whereas DEXA is a widely accepted laboratory measure that determines the amount of bone nonbone lean tissue and body fat Increased deposition of fat in the abdomen is associated with increased mortality and morbidity c d Pattern of gaining weight i Android male ii Gynoid female e Fat Mass i Increasing body fat and decreasing muscle mass sarcopenia are both prevalent in the aging process ii Most data on this is derived from cross sectional studies few iii with elderly adults over 60 increases in body weight and fat mass FM throughout middle age with body fatness stabilizing or declining after 60 yrs iv weight loss in older adults seems to have more detrimental effects on health and physical function that does and equivalent amount of weight gain v Body fat increase with age it is slowly and progressively distributed 1 Intra abdominal fat tends to increase and subcutaneous fat on the limbs tends to decrease a Younger women have lower intra ab fat than men but with age intra ab fat and both genders have similar amounts by their 70 s b Begins accumulating around late 20 s and continues through your 60 s but 40 of increase in fat ab occurs in their 40 s vi Body comp in men over 60 have consistently found a greater loss of FM than FFM but women have not be researched enough vii Women who are premenopausal gain weight more significantly f Fat Free Mass i Includes nonfat components of the body muscle skin bone and organs ii Estimated by Total Body mass FM FFM or lean body mass iii LBM lean nody mass includes essential fat in addition to FFM iv Sarcopenia fleshloss or muscle loss Impairment in max aerobic capacity 1 2 Glucose intolerance 3 Lower RMR 4 5 Slower gait speed 6 Functional dependency Immune dysfunction v FFM peaks in 20s 30s followed by steady decline with age in both men and women vi Loss primarily due to wasting of muscle tissue muscle atrophy cross sectional studies so some use have individuals over70 vii FFM Loss 1 5 men 2 2 5 women sarcopenia viii 40 of those over 80 have skeletal muscle atrophy or ix Those who are sarcopenia and obese at highest risk g Regular exercise important in keeping body composition h 3 Primary goals i Prevent treat sarcopenia ii Reduce or