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BBH 101 PROFESSOR SMYTH EXAM 4 STUDY GUIDE Sexual behavior STD s HIV and AIDS o Sexual behavior sexual contact Oral vaginal anal May include other behaviors petting masturbation etc About 45 are sexually active by age 18 About 88 are sexually active by age 25 o Risks from sexual behavior Pregnancy STD s Especially HIV AIDS o Prevalence of STD s 15 million new cases each year Mostly chlamydia and gonorrhea Both are treatable Teenagers and young adults are at a higher risk Have more sex More likely to have more partners Account for nearly 2 3 of cases Risk from multiple partners and unprotected sex Other factors related to risk Living in poverty Lack of access to adequate healthcare Lack of knowledge about risks Members of disenfranchised populations STD sexually transmitted disease illnesses o i e sex workers prostitution homeless persons persons with mental Gonorrhea bacterial infection of genital tract and urethra Chlamydia bacterial parasite that can cause sterility in women if it infects the fallopian tubes Syphilis bacterial disease with several stages lesions can result in dementia paralysis or death Herpes viral disease with painful lesions and no cure Other viral STD s o Human papilloma virus HPV most common viral infection Over 30 types of HPV Can lead to genital warts benign or precancerous lesions o Hepatitis B virus can cause scarring of the liver liver failure and liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer Although it is spread through sexual contact it does not affect the sex organs it attacks the liver 350 million chronic cases worldwide o Human Immunodeficiency virus HIV incurable sexually transmitted virus that attacks and weakens a person s immune system o Hidden epidemic Symptoms are often delayed or minimal Individual may be unaware which contributes to the spread of the disease Stigma associated with STD s May reduce disclosure embarrassed to admit they may have an STD May not seek health o Primary prevention Abstinence abstinence only works if you are being 100 abstinent i e even if you don t engage in vaginal sex you can still spread STD s via oral sex Complete abstinence is the only truly effective approach Condom use fairly good against HIV and pregnancy But is fairly good good enough When used appropriately they are between 92 96 effective Can break fall off etc Condoms do not help with skin to skin contact outside the penis o Any skin to skin transmittable disease still has high risk even with Other prophylactics condom use Spermicides sponge IUD dental dam diaphragm etc Typically not as effective on their own but do increase effectiveness WITH condom use The use of multiple prophylactics is your best chance at reducing STD risk Primary Prevention o Condoms Barriers to condom use Access can you get one Is it available Are you prepared o Some people don t carry condoms on them at all times so they are not always prepared Communication can one individual request a condom Skill training how to use a condom and how not to use a condom check expiration date make sure it s not dry damaged teeth vs scissors etc o Condom itself o Opening it o Putting it on sure there are no bubbles o Taking it off o Disposing of the condom not a little hat you have to unroll it and put it fully on make not the next morning right away do not reuse cannot flush down toilet not biodegradable o Partner selection Not counting everyone Outright lying to you partner about number of previous sexual partners Don t want to admit number of partners because they want to be a desirable partner o Prevention interventions are multicomponent and designed to promote effective Education Partner selection Communication Skills training Practice HIV and AIDS o HIV is a fluid borne agent blood semen vaginal secretion breast milk o Primary transmission routes Unprotected intercourse vaginal anal oral with an infected partner Sharing needles Maternal child transmission o Primary prevention Reduce sexual and drug use practices that contribute risk for HIV Develop and implement effective prevention programs o Secondary prevention Interventions to reduce adverse outcomes among those infected with HIV Improve health and quality of life among HIV Improve adherence to complex drug regimens o Who is at risk Overall primary risk transmission routes in the US are Male to male sexual contact High risk heterosexual contact Injection drug use Varies by many factors age gender race ethnicity location etc o HIV treatment advances 3 Protease inhibitors and treatment revolution HAART HIV combination therapies Reduced viral load to often undetectable levels Delayed onset of AIDS HIV prevention is still crucial Improved immune function Talk of cure is still premature Although AIDS deaths are low HIV levels are still stable Growing awareness of treatment limitations Poor treatment response inconsistent adherence drug intolerance o Emerging research clinical concerns Treatment optimism may be eroding commitment to safer sex AIDS is no longer seen as a death sentence Which is good but leads to greater risky unsafe sexual behaviors Psychoneuroimmunology PNI o Mental sources of immune alteration o Refers to the interactions among behavioral neuroendocrine and immunological processes of adaptation The immune system job is to protect o Seeks and destroys foreign agents pathogens Tries to keep you from getting sick But if you do get sick it works to keep it under control o Discrimination of self vs non self Phagocytes detect patterns on cell surfaces o Cascade of cells attack and destroy pathogens Monocytes and lymphocytes B cells T cells produce antibodies that bind to pathogen cytotoxic T cells T suppressor T helper etc o Have different specific roles in immune response Cell proliferation and function are influenced by cytokines o Measuring immune function 2 broad approaches In vitro conducted in cell culture Measuring among of components of the immune system in blood Call tell how many certain cells you have o i e how many are NK vs how many are T helper cells Need to know what is normal In vivo within the body Assessing the functioning of immune cells o Activation proliferation and cytotoxicity of cells in response to pathogen o Cytotoxicity capacity of cells to kill Various measures of immune function do not relate well to one another Overly simplistic Extraneous variables alcohol sleep etc Timing issues diurnal cycles different parts are more active at different times of the day o Immunocompetence o


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PSU BBH 101 - Exam 4

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