cognitive science the unconscious psychoanalysis detailed exploration of the unconscious factors from early life that may affect you today takes a long time now we re in a period of more empirical research than psychoanalysis Stroop flash someone words in different colors they have to read only the word or the color aloud or press key on left or right side measure response time if you flash something subliminally out of consciousness and the word you flash is triggering there is a more delayed response shows role of unconscious in mental processing mental health may support Freud s theories of unconscious but only to a small degree Harvard Implicit Association Test for bias flash black person white person on screen and then put positive and negative words on the screen there might be a delay in matching a positive word to a black person if you have an implicit bias against black people subjective feeling accompanied by changes in physiological reactions cognitions and behavior complex psychophysiological experience of an individual s state of mind as interacting w biochemical internal environmental external influences 6 basic emotions anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise emotional factors what is emotion what is the function of emotions communication to evoke response in others evolutionary functions fear motivates you to escape danger anger motivates attack joy motivates continuing on the present course or stopping trying to attain a goal you ve achieved disgust motivates you to avoid a particular food communication that something should not be eaten sadness motivates seeking help getting social support or giving up on a fruitless endeavor but context is most important can t really give objective functions theories of emotion James Lang event physiological changes interpretation emotion Cannon Bard event physiological arousal emotion Schachter Singer theory 2 factor theory of emotion experiment gave injections of epinephrine that produces physical symptoms arousal were told that they would have improved eyesight one group was told there might be side effects and one group was not men were put into a room with a confederate someone planted by experimenter who experimentees don t know is planted who would act euphoric when men w out explanation of side effects started to feel aroused they interpreted the confederate s actions as results of the drug so they would mimic emotion of confederate confederate becomes cue to explain their emotions men w explanation of side effects didn t mirror confederate b c they already had an explanation for their arousal so theory is event physiological arousal cognitive label appraisal interpretation emotion Lazarus appraisal theory of emotion event thought emotion arousal components of emotion emotion behavior cognitive physiological facial expressions of emotions experience of emotion vs expression of emotion science of coding facial expressions genuine vs fake smile dushane genuine smile FACS facial activation coding system to help read people s facial expressions i e eyebrows pulled down lips tightened anger emotions vs mood while emotions are short lived temporary states moods persist for longer periods emotion cognition emotion affects cognitive processes emotions can be adapted cognitively can help w memory performance problem solving mood congruence if we re really sad right now we re more likely to remember sad things in our past memories are congruent w current mood mood dependence it is easier to retrieve info if the mood you are in when you are retrieving it is the same as the mood you were in when you coded it if you re anxious when you re studying anxious when you take a test it will be easier to remember the info mild anxiety can improve performance on a test b c it can pump you up emotion regulation ER the process by which individuals influence which emotions they have when they have them and how they experience and express these emotions Gross situation selection situation modification attentional deployment cognitive change response modulation situation attention appraisal response people who are able to both express suppress their emotions are more successful in general difficulties w ER associated w various disorders proposal for a trans diagnostic approach to emotional disorders that would target difficulties w ER rather than a specific disorder cultural influences on psychopathology examples ataques de nervious koro symptoms may manifest in different ways across cultures different pressures in different cultures gender and psychopathology major depressive disorder vs substance use disorders depression more common in women drug use more common in men internal vs external internalizing disorders more common in females vs externalizing disorders more common in men development and psychopathology changes over the lifespan influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal schizophrenia often develops in your 20s depression manifests itself differently at different phases in someone s life