Yellow causative agent Green symptoms unique to disease Light Blue toxins virulence factors Purple vaccine Violet specific medicine Upper Respiratory infections Strep throat Streptococcal pharyngitis Causative agent Streptococcus pyogenes Gram Beta hemolytic lancefield group A Symptoms some have mild or no symptoms Sore throat Difficulty swallowing Throat is red with patches of pus Complications Acute glomerulonephritis abrupt fever fluid retention blood dark urine kidney damage due to inflammation from presence of immune complexes in glomeruli Acute rheumatic fever predisposed certain MHC II behavior changes uncontrolled body movements often damage to heart valves susceptibility to subacute bacterial endocarditis 3 weeks later only in genetically Pathogenesis exotoxin superantigen Epidemiology easily spread through respiratory droplets grade school children Prevention Asymptomatic carriers No vaccine Adequate ventilation avoid crowds Sore throat fever get tested Treatment Confirmed strep throat treated with 10 days penicillin or erythromycin Eliminates organisms in 90 of cases Diphtheria Causative agent Corynebacterium diphtheria Gram Pleomorphic non motile no spores Release diphtheria toxin Symptoms Pathogenesis Mild sore throat slight fever extreme fatigue malaise Swelling of neck formation of pseudomembrane on tonsils and throat Heart and kidney failure and paralysis may occur Cells not very invasive A B exotoxin Can enter blood stream damage heart nerves kidneys damages host cells in throat phage carrying tox gene Epidemiology humans primary reservoir spread through air Prevention DPT trivalent vaccine contains toxoid Immunity wanes after childhood Treatment Effectiveness depends on early antiserum treatment Penicillin and erythromycin Transmission of disease stopped but no effect on absorbed toxin Pinkeye Earache sinus infections Causative agents all 3 Haemophilus influenzae Gram Streptococcus pneumonia Gram Asymptomatic carriers can be high 1 3 otitis media caused by virus Pinkeye symptoms Increased tears redness swollen eye lids large amounts of pus Sensitivity to bright light Common among school children Middle ear infections otitis media Early childhood Severe ear pain mild fever vomiting Often ear drum ruptures Bacterial biofilm Sinusitis symptoms Pain and pressure generally localized to involve sinus Tenderness over sinus Headache malacie Adults and older children Pinkeye prevention treatment Very contagious Handwashing avoid rubbing eyes and sharing towels Treatment eye drops or ointment Otitis media and sinusitis prevention treatment Often associated with respiratory infection Prevention Influenza vaccine Treatment amoxicillin Common cold viral Causative agent 30 50 caused by rhinovirus small naked ssRNA 100 serotypes many other viruses and some bacteria Malaice mild sore throat runny nose cough nasal secretions No fever unless complicated with secondary infection Symptoms disappear in a week Symptoms Pathogenesis Epidemiology Humans only source Transmission close contact or secretions High concentrations of virus in nasal secretions first 2 3 days Emotional stress increases risk 2x Prevention Treatment No vaccine too many serotypes Wash hands frequently keep hands away from face avoid crowds and people with colds Naked viruses can persist in environment for long time Antibiotics ineffective against virus Over the counter asprin and ibrprofen but may actually prolong duration Lower respiratory infections Pneumococcal pneumonia Causative agent Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram Virulence thick polysaccharide capsule 90 different strains based on capsular antigen Symptoms Incubation 1 3 days Runny nose upper congestion Then cough chest pain fever sputum Abrupt fever and single intense chill Sputum becomes pink rust color Cough increases chest pain Breathing becomes shallow and rapid Skin becomes dusty color due to poor oxygenation Pathogenesis Bacteria inhaled into lungs multiply rapidly inflammation fluid in interferes with phagocytosis blocks C3b opsonization lungs Capsule Recovery is complete with no lung damage If it enters bloodstream can cause Septicemia bloodstream Endocarditis heart valves Meningitis brain spinal cord Epidemiology escalator 30 individuals carry encapsulated strain in throat mucocilliary risk rises with smoking alcohol drug abuse underlying disease Prevention polysaccharide capsule vaccine immunity to 23 strains Conjugate vaccine available for infants Treatment penicillin or erythromycin antibiotic resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae Causative agent Klebsiella pneumoniae Gram Thick capsule mucoid colonies Symptoms Pathogenesis Incubation 1 3 days Very similar to pneumococcal pneumonia cough fever chest pain Usually also see repeated chills red thick mucoid sputum High mortality rate in untreated patients Bacteria inhaled into lung Capsule Unlike pneumococcus tissue death lung abscesses can result in inhibits C3b opsonization permanent lung damage Often spread to bloodstream abscesses in other tissues endotoxin shock Deaths as high as 50 with treatment Epidemiology Mouth throat colonization Effects very old very young alcoholics Responsible for most deaths due to nosocomial infections Prevention and treatment No vaccine Infection control methods Acquiring resistance to penicillins lactamase Extended spectrum beta lactamases Mycoplasma pneumonia Causative agent Mycoplasma pneumoniae have no cell wall Symptoms Epidemiology walking pneumonia Fever headache muscle pain fatigue Dry cough mucoid sputum Aerosol droplets small infectious dose Survive for long periods in secretions 1 5 bacterial pneumonias Immunity is temporary Treatment Penicillins and other cell wall inhibitors don t work Tetracycline and erythromycin used bacteriostatic Binds to receptors on epithelium interfere with ciliated cell action Inflammation thickening of bronchial and alveolar walls difficulty breathing Tuberculosis Causative agent Symptoms Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gram Mycolic acid acid fast stain Survives drying disinfectants acids bases Killed by pasteurization Difficult to diagnose quickly Chronic illness Initial infection symptomless Stage 1 LTBI latent tuberculosis infection Stage 2 ATBD active tuberculosis disease Mild fever night sweats slow weight loss Chronic productive cough bloody sputum Pathogenesis Inhaled and engulfed by macrophages Infected macrophages fuse large multinucleated cells Foamy macrophages Lymphocytes wall them off tubercles bacteria alive but not