Circulatory System heart blood vessels and blood Functions Transport BLOOD is medium VESSELS ensure proper route HEART pumps the flow o Blood carries O2 from lungs to tissues CO2 from tissues to lungs o Blood carries NUTRIENTS from digestive tract to tissues o Blood carries MET WASTE to kidneys for removal o Blood carries stem cells from bone marrow to tissues for maturation Protection Limits spread of infection during inflammation o WBC destroy cancer cells o ANTIBODIES neutralize toxins to help destroy pathogens o PLATELETS secrete factors for BLOOD CLOTTING minimize blood loss Regulation o CAPILLARIES stabilize fluid distribution through absorption o PLASMA PROTEINS stabilize pH of ECF fluid o Blood ROUTES regulate body temperature heat loss retention to conserve heat Blood Liquid connective tissue composed of cells and matrix VISCOSITY Resistance of a fluid to flow from COHESION of particles THICKNESS STICKNESS OF FLUID o Governs flow of blood through vessels o Blood is 4 5 5 5 times MORE viscous than water due to RBC o Plasma is 2 times MORE viscous than water due to PROTEINS OSMOLARITY Molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through blood vessel wall o Affects rate of reabsorption for fluid transfer to nourish cells remove waste o If too high blood absorbed too much water HIGH BP o If too low too much water in tissues LOW BP o SODIUM influences blood volume and pressure Men have MORE blood because o Men have higher ANDROGEN LEVELS o Women have MENSTRUAL CYCLES o Women have higher FAT LEVELS Plasma 55 matrix Clear light yellow fluid mixture of proteins nutrients electrolytes N2 waste hormones o Serum Plasma WITHOUT fibrinogen protein o PROTEINS Albumin SMALLEST MOST ABUNDANT 60 Transports various solutes and buffers plasma pH Colloid osmotic pressure VISCOSITY OSMOLARITY affects blood volume pressure flow Globulin 36 divided into 3 SUBCLASSES ALPHA BETA GAMMA o Haptoglobulin Transports hemoglobin released by dead RBC o Tranferrin Transports iron o Fibrinogen Becomes fibrin Sticky protein to form blood clots o Liver produces 4 g proteins hour EXCEPT for gamma globulins o Contains nitrogenous waste from catabolism excreted by kidneys o Transports glucose AA fats cholesterol etc absorbed by digestive tract o SODIUM important for OSMOLARITY of blood influence on blood volume and pressure Formed elements 46 Cells and fragments o HEMATOPOIESIS Production of blood cells platelets Myeloid RED BONE MARROW 1 Pluripotent stem cells 2 Colony Forming Units 3 Precursor cells blasts a Erythroblast Reticulocyte later become ERYTHOCYTES b Megakaryoblast Megakaryocyte later become PLATELETS c Myeloblast Myelocytes later become EOS NEUTRO BASOPHILS d Monoblast Promonocyte later become MONOCYTE Lymphoid LYMPH NODES SPLEEN THYMUS TONSILS 4 Mature cells cytes 1 Pluripotent stem cells 2 Colony Forming Units 3 Precursor cells blast Lymphoblast a 4 Mature cells cyte a B lymphocyte b T lymphocyte c NK cell i B prolymphocyte ii T prolymphocyte iii NK prolymphocyte o Erythrocytes RBC most abundant 120 day life span Picks up O2 from lungs and delivers to tissue picks up CO2 from tissue and deliver to lungs Discoidal biconcave shape NO NUCLEUS ORGANELLES Does not contain DNA cannot synthesize RNA cannot divide or repair Allows RBC to contain more hemoglobin carry more O2 NO MITOCHONDRIA RBC rely on anaerobic fermentation GLYCOLYSIS to produce ATP HEMOGLOBIN in cytoplasm 33 gives RED color Transports O2 CO2 and pH blood buffering 4 globin proteins 2 alpha 2 beta Heme group O2 binds to Fe center can transport 4 O2 at time CARBONIC ANHYDRASE CAH enzyme in cytoplasm for CO2 H20 H2CO3 ANTIBODIES ANTIGENS on PM to determine BLOOD TYPE SPECTRIN ACTIN on inner PM for RESILIENCE DURABILITY and pass through small capillaries ERYTHROPOESIS RBC productions 3 5 days Reduced cell size Increase of RBC cells Synthesis of Hemoglobin Loss of nucleus organelles 1 Stem cell 2 ERYTHROPOEITIN stimulates ECFU 3 Erythroblast a RIBOSOME synthesis then HEMOGLOBIN accumulation 4 Reticulocyte made of ribosome clusters a Nucleus GONE b Stays in bone marrow for 3 days then enters circulation 5 Mature Erythrocyte within 24 48 hours IRON METABOLISM We lose Fe via waste and menstruation Important for ERYTHROPOESIS NUTRITION and HEMOGLOBIN 1 Fe3 ions turn into Fe2 ions by stomach acid 2 GASTROFERRIN binds to Fe2 and transport it into small intestine absorbed in the blood binds to 3 TRANSFERRIN transports Fe2 to bone marrow liver a Bone marrow uses for HEMOGLOBIN synthesis b Muscles uses for MYOGLOBIN synthesis c Cells use it for CYTOCHROME synthesis 4 APOFERRITIN binds to Fe2 in liver to form 5 FERRITIN stores fe2 and releases into circulation when needed RBC HOMEOSTASIS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP Hypoxemia O2 deficiency in blood drop in RBC count o Causes Bleeding Higher elevation Endurance exercise o Kidneys detect INCREASE Erythropoietin secretion o RBC count rises Reverse hypoxemia 3 4 days HEMOLYSIS RBC death and disposal 1 Ruptured RBC eaten up by MACROPHAGES in SPLEEN 2 RBC splits up HEMEGLOBIN a HEME splits into i Bilverdin Blirubin Bile Feces ii Iron either for TRANSFERRIN storage or lost during menstration b GLOBIN hydrolyzed into AMINO ACIDS for bone marrow nutrition for erythropoiesis Erythrocyte Disorders Polycythemia EXCESS RBC o Primary Cancer of erythrocyte line of red bone marrow o Secondary Dehydration smoking air pollution overexercise high altitude o Results INCREASED blood volume pressure viscosity BAD circulation stroke Anemia DEFIENCT RBC HEMOGLOBIN o Bad hemoglobin RBC synthesis o Bleeding o Bad RBC destruction Sickle Cell Disease o Altered HEMOGLOBIN structure HbA is normal HbS is abnormal HbS does not bind to O2 well RBC becomes AGGLUTINATED and block blood vessels o Leukocytes WBC least abundant 1 Stem cell 2 CFUs receptors for COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS 3 PRECURSOR CELLS Complete cells has all organelles Contain GRANULES on cytoplasm DEFENDS AGAINST PATHOGENS LEUKOPOIESIS WBC production a MYELOBLASTS b MONOBLASTS c LYMPHOBLASTS 4 Mature Leukocytes Types GRANULOCYTES o Neutrophils Most abundant 3 5 lobe nucleus BACTERIAL infections Engulf via PHAGOCYTOSIS o Eosinophils Parasitic worm 2 3 lobe nucleus Orange granules Releases anti histamines o Basophils Anticoagulant Can t see nucleus Dark blue granules Release histamine and heparin AGRANULOCYTES No granules in cytoplasm o Lymphocytes 2nd most abundant Nucleus is over 50 of cell size Immune memory B cells secrete Antibodies T cells Macrophages o Monocytes