During the early 20th century artists embraced as well as rejected the progress of modernity However there were the exceptional artists who used traditional values while promoting modernist ideas This period was also known for the scientific developments by German physicist Max Planck as well as Albert Einstein Planck s theory of energy led to quantum physics while Einstein s theory of relativity revolutionized modern concepts Other developments of human behavior came from philosophers and physics such as Henri Bergson and William James The French philosopher Bergson claimed that the world was complex and fractured as we experience life as random memories and perceptions that we then piece together to form ideas While harvard philosopher and psychologist William James redefined consciousness The Viennese neurologist and psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud continued to develop his theories of the unconscious mind Freud also shared the belief that human consciousness was fragmented as well as conflicted Of course the artist of the 20th century were influenced by the constant changing tumultuous and fractured world which was captured by scientists philosophers and psychologists Artists such as Picasso and George Braque acted as scientists as they analyzed the nature of their paintings in which any new developments gained was simply a mere stepping stone to the next Italian Futurists embraced modernity and used the new scientific discoveries of this time impacted modern society However German expressionist rejected modernity while embracing spirituality as they turned to more abstracted vocabulary folklore and medieval art Artists such as these were influenced by Theosophy which claimed that all religions and life were the same which each containing one primary element of the larger religion Fauvism Henri Matisse Fauvism was the first style that emerged in the 20th century that was apart of the colorist tradition that can be traced back to Van Gogh Gauguin Monet and Delacroix as well as Titian and the Venetians Woman with the Hat Henri Matisse was greatly influenced by colorists Van Gogh and Gauguin Matisse pushed the boundaries of color even further with his experiments of reds and blues that appear on the same plane Although art historians have categorized his work as expressionism it is problematic because it implies or displays an outpouring of emotion such as the tortured anguished or pained state of mind However Matisse s paintings such as Woman with the Hat do not express the artist s psychology but more rather the release of color from the imprisons of naturalistic or documentary function The same can be said of his landscapes and still lifes Le Bonheur de Vivre As well as being influenced by Gauguin s arabesques Matisse also draws inspiration from Andre Derain s use of curvilinear patterns in his painting titled Le Bonheur de Vivre As the color in Le Bonheur continues to be unrealistic and intense Matisse removes logical space and scale in order to further his use of abstraction Although Le Bonheur is categorized as a Fauvism piece the intense colors become subdued due to the sensuous and serene atmosphere of the piece Cubism Picasso and Braque The second major style of the early 20th century was Cubism which was largely populated by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque Cubism explored and analyzed the language of painting Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d Avignon The first artist to push the limitations surrounding abstraction was Pablo Picasso Although Picasso started as a Symbolist painter he changed his style completely when he unveiled Les Demoiselles d Avignon With its brazen nudity and uncharastically large canvas the painting depicts a red light district in Barcelona Although it symbolically represents a femme fatale theme Picasso uses abstract characteristics to promote his medium Braque The Portuguese Picasso s study of Cezanne s work resulted in the foundation that created the faceted shapes which became known as Analytic Cubism Like Picasso Braque also studied Cezanne s work and became Picasso s intellectual partner in which they developed ideas off each other as well as influenced each other An example of a piece that represents Analytic Cubism is Braques Portuguese Quite different from Picasso s Les Demoiselles The Portuguese is made up of geometric patterns of diagonals and curves set on a grid of lines Although the piece is filled with abstraction the shapes represent hieroglyphics Synthetic Cubism In the early 20th century Picasso and Braque both started working with collage The earliest known collage was created by Picasso in which he glued a sheet of imitation chair caning onto a Cubist painting The piece represents an experiment between realism and illusionism because the chair was real while simultaneously being an imitation Now instead of the painting being a window into the illusionistic world the college now served as a tray of art Instead of using abstraction and geometric forms both Picasso and Braque created their collages by arranging cut out pieces of paper in order to introduce a wide variety of textures and colors which was called Synthetic Cubism Pablo Picasso Guitar Sheet Music and Wine Glass During the style of Synthetic Cubism music became a theme of Cubist abstraction In Picasso s Guitar Sheet Music and Wine Glass he recreates an abstracted version of a guitar by using real wallpaper which also served as illusionistic and realistic He also creates a visual pun by using a cut out circle to fill the negative space that represents the guitar hole German Expressionism Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter Expressionism found in German art originates to the grotesque physical and psychological characteristics of Renaissance artists However German Expressionism became a definite movement in the early 20th century which is characterized by tortured anguished primitive or spiritual elements that reflect cosmic forces Die Brucke The Bridge The first German Expressionist group was called Die Brucke The Bridge which was formed by four largely self taught Dresden architecture students Their goal was to reject old ideas by creating a bridge to the future Bridge artists used the intense colors in order to reflect their progressive message Der Blaue Reiter The Blue Rider A German Expressionist group that lasted four months was called Der Blaue Reiter This group was fascinated with Western and non Western art as well as folk art They believed that spirituality could be