Midterm Study Guide American Condition o Terms 10th Amendment o Capacity The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution nor prohibited by it to the States are reserved to the States respectively or to the people 14th Amendment Applied the Bill of Rights to the states Bill of Rights expanded by the 14th and 15th amendments 16th Amendment Gives the federal government the ability to levy an income tax Forces states without income taxes to still pay a federal income tax Federal Pre Emption Establish in judicial law The principle that national laws take precedent over state law The ability of a government to respond effectively to change make decisions and efficiency and responsibility and manage conflict How to Increase Capacity Innovation and diffusion o o Modernizing constitution Increasing transparency o Improved revenue systems o Rainy Day funds Political Culture o Moralistic Dominates in the Northwest Politics is good and in the public interest Citizen participation is high Tends to have a large amount of referenda Political parties are issue oriented Bureaucracy is good Individualistic Dominates in the Northeast Citizens participate only when self interested Political parties tend to be person oriented Distrustful of bureaucracy Traditionalistic Dominates in the South People believe that politics is reserved for the elites Citizen participation is the lowest Political parties are not important See bureaucracies as a threat Federalism Terms Nation A large group of people organized under a single sovereign government and sharing historical cultural and other values A political system with local units of government as well as a national government o Federalism Types Unitary Federal All power is derived from the central government Power only flows downward Most decisive system Division of power between the central government and smaller units How power goes down Categorical How power goes up Constitutional amendments Elections of federal officials Allows for a strong federal government without tyranny Confederal All power is derived from individual smaller unites and flows upward to the central government EU UN Best tailored to private citizens Eras of Federalism Dual Federalism 1787 1932 Following ratification of US Constitution Powers of national government restricted to enumerated powers Foreign affairs and money Layer Cake Federalism States retained sole sovereignty in policy making arenas Cooperative Federalism 1933 1954 Great Depression Roosevelt s New Deal Expanded national government authority over traditional state arenas Commerce taxation and the economy Sharing of policy responsibilities and financing Marble Cake Federalism New Federalism 1964 Present LBJ s Great Society Via grant in aid Government spending to combat poverty crime health care and education Expanded general revenue sharing to shrink national government by turning policy back to the states A Marble Layered cake Devolution Transference of policymaking power from national to state government Ex TANF States able to set own restrictions as long as they follow national policy Types of Grants Categorical Grants Fed gov places restrictions on how funds are spent Capital improvement on specific buildings Fed gov limits spending to broad categories Block Grants Transportation Revenue Sharing Fed gives a lump sum to states to use at their own discretion Formula Grants Non competitive Funding based on conditions within the state Project Grants Competitive Funding based on the strength of the proposal State Constitutions Definition Constitution Components o o Preamble Contains an article on popular sovereignty Power is derived by the people Bill of Rights At a minimum contains the ones in the US Constitution Can extend them further Legislative Executive Judicial Branches Contracts between government and the people which provides the basic framework for state government Legislative Executive Establishes procedures of redistricting one person one vote compensation and bicameral structure Enumerates powers centralized in government mostly to the office of the Governor Judicial Court organization procedures selection methods Any power granted to municipalities counties and districts Constitutional Change Elections Finance Local Government Education Constitutional revision Legislative Proposal Initiative Direct Indirect Constitutional Convention Constitutional Commission State Local Relations Local Government Authority Devolution The shift of power from the national government to the states o Second Order Devolution The shift of power from states to local government Home rule Dillon s Rule Local governments only exist as long as the state allows them to They exist because they have more local knowledge Home Rule Charters Own source of power independent from the state Granted to more populous localities by the state Requires referenda approval by county commission and the legislature Coercion of one government to perform some task by another level of government Used when there is need for local knowledge w national authority Mandates Motor Voter Act Drinking Age Funded Unfunded Urbanism Three Types of Growth Urban Sprawl Low population density rapid land consumption dependence on cars Demands exceed capability Edge Cities New boom towns with housing developments and malls etc Poor infrastructure Smart Growth Planned growth Infrastructure precedes development Quasi Governance Shadow Government Entities that operate like governments but are not official governing bodies Private Enterprises Homeowners Associations Public Private Partnerships Business Improvement districts Subsidiary Government Zoning boards Regional Government Area wide structure of governance City County Consolidation Aids in tackling policy problems whose impact does not end at the border Produce economies of scale Done to prevent the Coattail Effect When individuals identify with the largest office and vote for lower offices based on Participation Voting and Elections Elections Off Year Elections that Straight Ticket Voting o Roll Off Voting When voters only vote for one office Declining Voter Turnout Four Reasons Declining personal benefits Declining Mobilization Declining Social Connectedness Has led to civic disengagement Rules and Regulation Voter ID laws Primaries Definition A special elections that choses the nominee for a political parties Closed Primary Semi Closed Primary Open Primary Only members of that party are allowed to