Chapter 1 Focuses on how early law enforcement developed the shape it took the challenges it faced and how these concerns molded contemporary law enforcement Early efforts at policing English heritage o Attention focuses upon how law enforcement grew in regards to our Early American settlers borrowed many English practices o Maintaining Social Order How is society possible Consensus vs Conflict Consensus social order best described as emerging from a commonly held set of values and beliefs Conflict social order is due to power and coercion o Standards of Behavior Norms the standards for how people should behave make social interaction routine and predictable Two types of norms o Folkways pertain to behavior expectations that deal with minor norms Ex Etiquette o Mores normative standards that evoke strong reactions if violated Ex incest or murder Essential to societies welfare and so violators receive harsh treatment for not observing a more Common Value system normative structure that occurs when differences of heterogeneity are put aside and find out which norms people generally agree upon Actions that constitute conformity and what people consider to be deviant behavior o Deviant behavior any action that exceeds social tolerance levels o Controlling social behavior Informal vs Formal social control Informal Social control devices are actions taken by people to sanction behavior o Positive informal SC making the deans list for outstanding accomplishments o Negative informal SC Gossip Ostracism Formal Social control law criminal justice system Consensus viewpoint suggests that law upholds social norms especially mores be prohibited In this context crime is any act that people think should Conflict perspective would argue that persons who occupy powerful positions use the law to coerce and regulate behavior that threatens the status quo o Types of Society Law does not reflect a broad agreement about right or wrong but instead is crafted to protect very special interests Why is there a need for formal social control devices What took place that rendered informal social control practices German theoretician Ferdinand Toennies 2 types of societies Gemeinschaft small network of persons who interact with each other in primary relationships close intimate o Small community in which everyone knows each other o Devices that work well in this society are informal social control devices Gesellschaft social interaction takes place within secondary relationships strangers o Modern society people act on the basis of social roles and people are generally strangers Social roles deli man and customer Formal Social Control o Societal Development How does a society move from a gemeinschaft to a Gesellschaft orientation Durkheim s Model Population size vs Density Large number of people occupying limited area results in more complexity o Increased diversity is evident in division of labor jobs become more specialized Before people were virtually self sufficient farmers grew their own crops However today those tasks are spread among several people who make a living off that one specialized task As a result demise of gemeinschaft and state of normlessness in which Anomie Anomie people no longer feel attached to the common conscience or accountable to others Prediction of deterioration of primary relationships encourage deviance and would produce higher crime rates and so conclude that ecological processes urbanization could alter social structure o Early English law enforcement Law enforcement mission in early England fell on the shoulder of local people Mutual Pledge system People farmed and lived in little villages called tuns Each tun was subdivided further into units consisting of ten families called tithings o Every male over the 12 belonged to a tithings o Each tithing was responsible for the behavior of all its members If one member committed a crime the entire tithing was held accountable o Usually elected one member to serve as leader Chief tithingman Was the chief tithingman s duty to raise the hue and cry in order to find the violator if a member became errant When person was taken into custody either punished or confined deviant member until the authorities reached the tun Formation of a hundred occurred as villages and tuns grew in size and a need for a greater coordination culminated o Consisted of ten tithings and was led by a reeve who was in charge of conducting meetings where members aired various disputes Besides being a mediator the reeve also acted as a constable who would take care of all weapons equipment and belongings to the hundred As the population expanded hundreds became grouped into a county called a shire o Person in charge would be the Shire reeve sheriff Massive gates and moats that sealed at dusk and protected the people against unwanted intruders Pre industrial city life o Cramped streets were alleys little sunshine houses side by side buildings made of stone clay and wood and topped off with thatch roofs o Main fear was fire due to lack of electricity and so main source of heat and lighting was fire night watch system Statute of Winchester 1285 o Formalized the night watch system Established the office of the parish constable who was responsible for coordinating and making sure that all able bodied men took their turn once a year to stand watch o Statute also featured assize of arms All adult males shared responsibility for maintain law and order and had to keep AT LEAST ONE weapon in their house Required all citizens to seek out and capture criminals Hue and cry and every man HAD to stop and assist the constable o Challenge of urban growth Too much time and energy for intrusions of hue and cry massive migrations into cities unprecedented growth led to unemployment and poverty which led to transition from a gemeinschaft to a gesellscahft type of society what was everybody s business became nobody s duty people had to tend to their business daily and could not afford to stand watch at night And so people paid people to stand watch the more we expect a police to do the less we can expect obligatory avocational police to do it people who were willing to stand watch were people that were left with nothing to do and who were not fit for that sort of job o A step toward paid police protection Increase financial incentives attract more people into law enforcement Entrepreneurial avocational policing private civilians perform law enforcement tasks on a part time basis and
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