Background and Mesopotamia 6 Major Themes 1 Middle East from Perspective of World History 2 Modernization 3 Desert vs Sown 4 Resurgent Islam Cyclical Theory of History Ibn Khaldun 5 Nationalism 6 Development General Background History of Middle East Pre 7th Century Origins Languages in the Middle East Indo European Turkic Afro Asiatic Cushitic Mesopotamia Iraq vs Egypt Overall Middle East Abraham Byzantium vs Sasanians Mesopotamia Sumerians 3000 2340 BCE Intro o ziggurat o Epic of Gilgamesh o Code of Hammurabi Hittites 1400 1200 BCE Assyrians 1100 612 BCE Chaldeans Neo babylonians o Ninevah o Nebuchadnezzar Akkadians 2340 2100 BCE Amorites Old Babylonians c 1900 BCE Persians Achaemenids c 600 400 BCE o Cyrus the Great 559 530 BCE o Cambyses 530 522 BCE o Darius 521 486 BCE Judaism and Christianity o tribal judges o prophets o David 1000 961 BCE and Solomon 961 922 BCE o Defeated Judaism Language Religion Law Government Romans o Sanhedrin o Masada o diaspora Christianity Jesus of Nazareth o The Messiah Rome o Edict of Milan o Theodosius I who made Christianity the official state religion during his reign in the late 300s CE Eastern Orthodox Church Pre Islamic Arabia Pre Islamic Arabia o Background Quraysh of Mecca Yathrib Medina Ka ba Mecca o Trade o Tribes Local trade Bedouin Shaykh Majlis Muhammad and Islam Sunna Protection Muruwwah o Religion Background o Hashim o Quraysh tribe o Ka ba o Abd Allah o Abu Talib o Khadija o Archangel Gabriel o Qur an 5 Pillars of Islam o Shahada o Salat o Zakat o Fasting o Pilgrimage o Hijra Failure Persecution and Resolution 619 622 Institutionalization 622 628 o Muhajirun o Ansar o umma o Five Roles of Muhammad Three Battles between Mecca and Medina o 624 The Battle of Badr o 625 The Battle of Uhud o 627 Battle of the Trench Ditch Compromise and Acceptance 628 632 o Treaty of Hudaybiya Rashidun Orthodox Caliphs Khalifa Abu Bakr 632 634 o Ridda wars Hijaz Umar 634 644 o diwan system o Expansion Byzantium 634 Battle of Ajnadain 637 Battle of Yarmuk River o Khalid o Heraclius o Mu awiya Sassanid Persia Egypt 639 641 637 Battle of Qadisiyya Amr Copts Melkites Comparisons o 5 Reasons For Expansion Victory Military Amsar Religious Economic Vacuum Theory Internal Splits o Snow Ball State o 3 Pronged Expansion Middle West Egypt Magreb Spain East o 3 Stages of Conquest Military Commerce Islamicization and Arabization Uthman 644 656 o 3 factions Legitimists Umayyads Other Kharijites o Qur an Ali 656 661 o First Fitnah A isha 656 Battle of the Camel o Mu awiya 656 Battle of Siffin Hasan Fatimids Fatimid Caliphate is a shiite dynasty The Fatimids had their origins in what is modern Tunisia Ifriqiya but after the conquest of Egypt about 970 CE they relocated to a new capital Cairo Under the Fatimids Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa Sicily Palestine Syria the Red Sea coast of Africa Yemen and the Hejaz Under the Fatimids Egypt flourished and developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean which eventually determined the economic course of Egypt during the High Middle Ages Al Muizz Establishing their Caliphate throughout the Islamic world and over throwing Abbasids al Muizz transferred the royal residence from Al Mansuriya to the newly founded city of Cairo Seljuk Turks were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries The Seljuks migrated from Central Asia into mainland Iran formerly known as Persia The Seljuk Turks are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks the present day inhabitants of Turkey Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan The Seljuk played a major role in the Middle Ages by creating a barrier to Europe against the Mongol invaders from the East defending the Islamic world against Crusaders from the West and conquering large parts of the Byzantine Empire Battle of Manzikert The Battle of Manzikert occurred on August 26 1071 between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turkish forces led by Alp Arslan resulting in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes Urban II was a Pope from 1088 to July 29 1099 He is most known for starting the First Crusade 1096 99 and setting up the modern day Roman Curia in the manner of a royal court to help run the Church Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Roman Catholic Church which was held in November 1095 and triggered the First Crusade Peter the Hermit was a priest of Amiens and a leading figure during the First Crusade According to Anna Comnena he attempted to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem before 1096 but was prevented by the Turks from reaching his destination and was tortured 1st Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II to regain control of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Christian Holy Land from Muslims What started as an appeal to the French knightly class quickly turned into a wholesale migration and conquest of territory outside of Europe Both knights and peasants from many different nations of western Europe with little central leadership travelled over land and by sea towards Jerusalem and captured the city in July 1099 establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states Although these gains lasted for fewer than two hundred years the Crusade was a major turning point in contrast to the many that followed to achieve its stated goal Antioch Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator one of Alexander the Great s generals Antioch was destined to rival Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and to be the cradle of gentile Christianity Kerbogha of Mosul was Atabeg of Mosul during the First Crusade and was renowned as a soldier In 1098 when he heard that the Crusaders had besieged Antioch he gathered his troops and marched to relieve the city By the time he arrived on July 7 the Crusaders had been in possession of the city for four days They were not able to restock the city before Kerbogha in turn was besieging the Crusaders in the city Jerusalem Capitol of Isreal Knights Templar Warrior Monks The Poor Fellow Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon Latin paupers commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici popularly known as the Knights Templar was one of the most famous of the Christian military orders It existed for about two centuries in the Middle Ages created in the aftermath of the First Crusade of 1096 to