Biology 1005 Final Exam Review Sheet Questions for the first 13 Chapters will be taken from the following sections concepts Remember the review section will be 1 3 of the exam and chapters 14 17 will be 2 3 of the exam so spend your study time wisely Chapter 1 1 1 1 3 Introduction to Life on Earth Know the organization of life atom biosphere Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Multicellular organism population species community ecosystem biosphere Know the characteristics of living things The rest of this chapter is covered in the other chapters of the book don t spend too much time on this composed of cells maintain complex structure and internal environment through homeostasis respond to stimuli from their environment acquire and use materials and energy from their environment and convert them into different forms grow reproduce themselves using DNA have the capacity to evolve Chapter 2 2 1 2 2 Atoms Molecules and Life You should know the basic structure of an atom and the definitions of the components nucleus composed of protons and neutrons rings of electrons surrounding it What are the characteristics of the basic types of bonds Ionic Bond electron is transferred creating positive and negative ions that attract one another Covalent Bond electrons are shared nonpolar equal sharing polar unequal sharing Hydrogen Bond slightly positive hydrogen in a polar molecule attracts the slightly negative pole of a nearby polar molecule Chapter 3 Table 3 2 Types of Biological molecules know this table and you should be in good shape Biological Molecules Pg 39 building blocks of each type of molecule Review figure 3 20 levels of protein structure Primary structure the sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Secondary structure usually maintained by hydrogen bonds which shape this helix Tertiary structure folding of the helix results from hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids Quaternary structure individual polypeptides are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds or disulfide bridges Chapter 4 4 2 Cell Structure and Function Know the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Table 4 1 is good for this You should also have a working understanding of the function of the various organelles Chapter 5 5 2 Cell Membrane Structure and Function Review how different substances move through membranes table 5 1 is good for this Passive Transport diffusion of substances across a membrane down a gradient of concentration pressure or electrical charge does not require cellular energy simple diffusion diffusion of water dissolved gases or lipid soluble molecules through the Phospholipid bilayer of membrane no energy required facilitated diffusion diffusion of water ions or water soluble molecules through a membrane via a channel or carrier protein Osmosis diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher free water concentration to region of lower free water concentration Energy requiring transport movement of substances into or out of a cell using cellular energy usually supplied by ATP Active transport movement of individual small molecules or ions against their concentration gradients through membrane spanning proteins from lower to higher concentration Endocytosis movement of particles or large molecules into a cell occurs as the plasma membrane engulfs the substance in a membranous sac that pinches off entering the cytoplasm Exocytosis movement of particles or large molecules out of a cell occurs as the plasma membrane encloses the material in a membranous sac that moves to the cell surface and fuses with the plasma membrane allowing its contents to diffuse out Proteins manufactured in the ribosomes held in the rough ER and packaged in the golgi apparatus Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell Review the basic types of chemical reactions activation energy and how enzymes decrease activation energy figure 6 10 exergonic reaction releases energy endergonic requires net input of energy activation energy energy required to start reactions Enzymes speed up processes so less activation energy is needed You should know the structure of ATP and how it converts to ADP ATP is made of the nitrogen containing base adenine sugar ribose and 3 phosphate groups ATP releases energy between second and third phosphate when their bond is broken ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate Know the characteristics of enzymes catalysts enzyme substrate interactions etc figure 6 11 Catalysts speed up reactions without being used up Enzymes are biological catalysts they are specific for the reactions they catalyze activity is regulated Enzymes catalyze reactions by orienting disorienting and reconfiguring molecules in the process of lowering the amount activation energy needed for the reaction Chapter 6 6 2 6 3 6 4 Chapter 7 7 1 IMPORTANT Capturing Solar Energy Photosynthesis You should know the basic structure of a leaf figure 7 1 and the overview of the photosynthetic reactions Chloroplast where photosynthesis takes place Mesophyll inside chloroplast at thylakoid membrane where photosynthesis takes place Stomata Stoma pores that receive CO2 for photosynthesis Stroma fluid found within double membrane of chloroplasts Bundle Sheath Cells supply water and minerals to mesophyll Photosynthesis Reactants 6Co2 6H20 light energy Products C6H12O6 and 6O2 7 2 You should understand what is happening in the light reactions and dark reactions and how they are connected figures 7 6 7 7 and 7 10 light reactions take in light and water and use energy to create ATP C3 H2O goes to CO2 and makes ATP and NADPH as electron travels down electron transport chain it will pull H molecules with it as it moves down the concentration gradient ATP synthase generates ATP from the rush created by electrons going down the concentration gradient dark reactions take place at night using light independent reactions CAM ATP and NADPH from light reactions used to drive dark reactions use carbon to make sugar autotrophs use energy pack carbon molecules together to make glucose store it as food Chapter 8 8 1 IMPORTANT Harvesting Energy Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration What is the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration Know the basic equations p 129 You should know the overview of cellular respiration glucose breakdown figures 8 1 8 2 Same reaction just reversed Photosynthesis 6 CO2 6 H2O light energy C6H12O6 6 O2 cellular