Key Terms Nationality where a person retains citizenship Race originated by northern Europeans assumption of innate differences based on real or imagined physical characteristics a social construct Not necessarily a matter of biology but is a historical category and construct Johann Blumenbach 1752 1840 set up a racial categorical system first person to use the word Caucasian and put them at the top of his system Susie Guillory Phipps in the 1980s couldn t get the race on her birth certificate changed from Colored to White as she saw herself and what she had believed herself to be o Louisiana Blood Law 1 32 African American blood would have you designated as Colored Ethnicity comes from Greek ethnos or a band of people living together or a type of nations Northern Europeans come into the mix and change it from ethnos to ethnic Ethnic was given a negative connotation equated to heathen and alien Early on largely associated with Eastern Europeans In early 20th century social scientists went back to the ethnos meaning Overall it is a categorization of people based on factors like shares cultural values nationality language religion and gender roles Racial hierarchies the ranking of and substantial inequality amongst groups that are physically distinct or different Northern Europeans put themselves at the top of the food chain and became the dominant group The People of India 1868 science photography statistics used to put Indian societies within a racial hierarchy and put it into an exhibition called the People of India Treated like scientific objects and was very dehumanizing Racialization process of placing racial groups in a stratified list dominant group places others they believe to be subordinate in a certain order Ideological racism an ideology that considers a group s unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct casual way to psychological or intellectual characteristics and based on these qualities they are separated into superior and inferior groups Institutional racism institutionalized practices by law or social custom which negatively and deliberately affect members of a subordinate racial group such as slavery and Jim Crow laws WASP white Anglo Saxon protestant group which every other group is measured against WASPs either incorporate or reject new groups Gender the social organization of sexual difference varies across cultures and over time Gender is a constant always changing variable of social organization It is not male or female exclusively Three Waves Eras of Immigration differences include countries and points of origin and also the time period in which they immigrated Similarities include push factors escaping problems in homeland and new opportunities Post Colonialism and the fall of the USSR created a bunch of new countries and immigration issues in E Europe Every time a new immigrant group arrives Americans react with hostility worry about their impact on society culture economy etc Immigration has been the most influential force on American history and values Four Types of Migration o Formative Wave 1607 1820 beginning of immigration to North America English to America Africans forcibly immigrated Diverse Europeans majority voluntarily immigrated o First Wave 1820 1880 influx of Irish and German immigrants Everyone was having revolutions at this time so a lot of Europeans were coming over also Chinese End of wave passing of first immigrant legislation the Chinese Exclusion Act o Second Wave 1880 1920 southern Italians Eastern Europeans the new immigrant high number of Mexican immigrants This wave ends because of strict immigration laws again but instead of being geared toward one specific group they passed a quota law o Voluntary immigrated freely diverse reasons including religion freedom or to escape prosecution land ownership and new opportunities and adventure A few examples are Puritans Jews etc o Forced mostly occurred during formative wave Forcible removal of Africans upon threat of death or imprisonment Also convicts o Economic Labor immigrated specifically for work Migrated after 1820 after the formative wave Poor conditions in homeland few job opportunities height of industrialization in US In US they could start new life and earn enough money to return home and invest it into family back home Examples Chinese o Displaced Persons refugees escaping homeland for a specific reason like war political situation and upheaval like revolutions and regime changes Cold War Cuban Revolution Example Alexander Godunov is a very famous ballet dancer who was touring in the US and tried to get asylum He disappeared in the US and the USSR KGB packed everyone including his wife back on a plane back home Since he had requested asylum for both he and his wife the plane was stopped and there was a stand off for days Push and Pull Factors reasons why a person is going to leave their country o Push reason originates in homeland o Pull something that draws you into another land Assimilation process by which one cultural group adopts some or all of the cultural practices of another group For WASPs the ideal method of dealing with new immigrant groups Acculturation the exchange of cultural practices between two groups Each group is changed but still retains their own distinctive identity Generational Differences 1st generation is very much steeped in cultural practices of back home while 2nd generation is far more assimilated and American 3rd generation wants to resurrect and are more interested in their cultural legacy Three Philosophies of Race and Ethnicity o Anglo Conformity conforming to the English way of doing things The idea that America would only survive if new immigrants adopted the dominant WASP traditions and values full assimilation o Melting Pot Ideal the idea that all races cultures backgrounds religions and practices would meld together in America forming a new whole the assimilation of everybody In order for this to happen everyone would have to lose their own identity their family s history for this new culture o Cultural Pluralism celebrates each ethnic group s cultural identity and argues that while there will be cultural conflict because of it America becomes stronger Legacies of the Early Settlers 1 Social Problems in England a 1550s 1600 population boom as a result of better nutrition and crop technology b Thomas Tusser s Five Hundred Points on Good Husbandry c Inflation prices rose 60 during reign of Elizabeth I nobles were