Middle Eastern History Final Exam 3 19 12 Key Terms 3 Arab Modernists Reformers Salafism Wafd Party Muslim Brotherhood Taha Hussein Hasan al Bana Sayid Qutb King Faruq Gamal Abdel Nasser Ba ath Party Suez Crisis Haj Amin al Husayni Raghib Nasashibi David Ben Gurion Likud and Labor Parties Ze ev Jabotinsky Al Nahda Awakening collectively known as 3 modernists reformers all of them understand that the Muslim world is behind recognition that things have to change British realized that this was needed Al Afghani 1838 1897 Muhammad Abduh 1849 1905 need educated workplace rethought scriptures to fit the modern world things are not stagnate Quran living book that can be used throughout the ages British hire him to train new modern workforce in Sudan Rashid Rida 1865 1935 Syrian studied in Paris and newspaper became popular in Egypt consider a Salafi and part of Salafism movement means pious ancestors actually believes in abandoning modernity going back to how Muhammad envisioned life in the earliest days often grow beards came out of this reform movement but thought it didn t work and want to go back to old way problems when you open a holy book up for interpretation there isn t one interpretation there are many nationalism in Egypt didn t see themselves as Muslims saw them as separate and long before Muhammad pharenism don t embrace pan Arabism denshawai incident 1906 WWI start of protectorate end of protectorate 1922 constitution of 1924 4 caveats British recognize that Egypt is still part of the Ottoman empire and British at war with Ottomans declare it a protectorate in 1914 now has own sultan British grant independence except for in 4 areas Britain remains in control of the sudan wants to maintain all communications oversee diplomacy wanted to maintain a military presence in regard to Suez Canal political power divided in 3 different ways British King King Faruq1936 1952 not Egyptian descended from Muhammad Ali had delicate balancing act getting huge stipends from British so its really not true independence for Egypt Wafd Party Egyptian national party party of the Egyptian elite not popular with Great Britian because they forced themselves into the Paris Peace Conferences for independence results political power divided 3 ways political stagnation society divided multiple ways Muslim brotherhood founded in 1928 by Hasan al Bana school teacher inspired by modernists reformists appealed to masses grass root institution building group become radicalized as the king becomes corrupt Wafd party ignoring them because more interested in business and elite Sayid Qutb goes for a Western education writes about sinfulness of Christians most famous work is milestones baathist had power in Iraq had power in Egypt were Marxists 1936 turning point Fascism spread to Africa Italian threat New King in Egypt Brits need presence in Egypt 1936 Treaty high commissioner post diplomat capitulations abolished Egyptians get political representation abroad establish a military academy gradual british retreat to canal zone BUT WWII competing loyalties Israeli war 1948 Project Fat Fuck 1951 Kermit Roosevelt grandson of teddy fear of Baathist groups in Middle East search for Muslim Billy Graham A New Egypt 1952 Free Officers Coup Muhammad Nagib general in power Gamal Abd al Nasser 1954 1970 held real power start to articulate pan Arabism fiscal political security propaganda very secular 1956 Suez Crisis realized Egypt needed a source of energy for its huge population need hydrolaugic dam and new energy source needs funding no longer British French nationalized the dam stood up to the US great Britain France and Israel don t wanna put up with this try to invade and America and Soviet Union get UNs help to stop it Anwar Sadat 1970 1981 Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s mandates not expecting British to take over after WWI conflicting nationalisms Zionist claims Arab claims never was a Palestinian nation Arabs not interested in Palestine until Jews mde it productive after purchasing land wasn t Jordan created for Palestinians Jews not in majority Arabs victimized by Ottomans and then by British Jews stole Arab land Jordan treats Palestinians as 2nd class citizens how did population increase push factors Antisemitism Holocaust pull factors Zionism historic desire for homeland political support ben gurion first prime minister of Israel Weizmann practical Zionism willing to compromise defensive role Zionist politics mapai labor herit likud Jabotinsky Begin Revisionist Zionisism Palestinian poltics Haj Amin al Husayni Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 1922 1937 Raghib Nasashibi Mayor of Jerusalem 1920 illegal immigration 1934 1938 British issued White Paper in 1939 allowed 15 000 Jews per year for 5 years then no more immigrants allwed many Jews sent to detention camps on Cyprus 3 21 12 Key Terms Nakba War of Independence Arab League Suez Crisis 6 Day War Yom Kippur War Yassir Arafat Fatah Black September event and group UN Resolution 242 George Habash PFLP Hamas Hezbollah Camp David Accords Intifada Oslo Accords Road Map region involved in 4 wars 1948 1956 1967 1973 Palestinianian revolt 1936 1939 British use of collective punishment both Zionists and Arab were nationalists so they didn t like British occupation white paper of 1939 at a time when Jews needed to leave places like Germany and find refuge they cant violence 3 Zionists paramilitary groups Haganah precursor for current Israeli defense force 1931 split into Irgun and Irgun Lehi Stern Gang was much more of an offensive approach militant Stern was one of founders aim was to forceable remove the British unrestricted movement of Jews to Palestine and a Jewish state both sides guilty of violence Deir Yassin April 1948 Irgun enacted this King David Hotel 1946 carried out by Irgun 91 people killed Hebron Massacre 1929 67 jews killed Jaffa Massacre 1936 the Shrinking Mandate 1917 1922 end of WWI San Remo where mandates established in 1922 23 acknowledgement that they cant have all these Jews into Palestine and upset population balance created within the British mandate the Trans Jordan no Jews there brought in Sharif Husayn s son Abdullah to rule the area first king there Zionists betrayed by this 80 of Palestine closed off to them Partition Plan 1947 British want to keep natives against each other so they don t attack British but too much UN Resolution 181 proposal for Palestine to be two different states one Jewish and one Arab with Jerusalem an international city