Middle Eastern History Exam 2 2 8 12 Key Terms Mongols and the Fall of Baghdad 1258 Hulegu Kingdom of Prestor John Mamluks Mamluk rulers Qutuz and Baybars Battle of Ayn Jalut 1260 Il Khanids Persi Mughal Empire aka Mogul India where and who are the Mongols people of the Steppe who came from central Asia rode on horseback and shot bows and arrows 1294 split up into different factions the Il Khanid Mongols 1260 1132 lesser Khan descendent of Ghengis Khan control present day Iran harsh nature of conquests but did have some positive aspects founded by Hulegu 1265 became Persianized by moving in where Abbassids were Shism religiously tolerant Sufi thought poetry flourishes Rumi and Hafiz imposed legal NOT cultural authority eased trade commerce across Asia mongols in Persia Hulegu Khan grandson of Ghengis he sacked Baghdad in 1258 final end of the Abbassid caliphate that had overseen House of Wisdom very bloody battle of Ayn Jalut 1260 referring to a pool of the liar near Nasareth in Israel farthest extent of the Mongols into Muslim territory defeated by Mamluks loss for Mongols 1 Hulegu wasn t there he left disorganization among the Mongol troops 2 Mamluks were strong why Mongols were so successful skilled in archery highly mobile innovative tactics readily assimilated new technology superb intelligence gatherers religious tolerance served to consolidate rule Moguls of India the Mamluks 1250 1517 slave soldiers 1517 is when the Ottoman Turks conquer them young males for the service of the King necessary because he couldn t trust own military guard didn t want them to have any contact with their community under Ayyubids they did this originally succession wasn t passed down from father to son as the Mamluks became educated they converted to Islam and became powerful passed down positions to their sons which causes the system to fall apart Baybards 1260 1277 the real founder of the Mamluk empire fought under Qutuz in Ayn Jalut wanted a governorship in reward so Qutuz has him killed consolidated control over Levant alliances with Aragon Russia Italy and Byzantines controlled Pilgrimage route servant of the two holy cities controlled trade routes Damascus end of Silk Road decline of Mamluks shift from ability to favoritism high taxes decline in rigiours training of Mamluks shift in European trade routes black death rise of Ottoman Turks new technology leads to Imperialism gunpowder empires Ottomans Anatolia Safavids Persia Mughals India imperialism Ottomans Safavids BUT ALSO British and French the creation and or maintenance of an unequal economic cultural and territorial relationship usually between states and often in the form of an empire based on domination and subordination connection beyond Middle East Orientalism Edward Said 2 13 12 Key Terms Osman Mehmet II Devshirme Janissary Selim I Suleiman I Sinan Selim III Capitulations Dragoman Millet System Diwan Battle of Kosovo 1389 Battle of Lepanto 1571 Battle of Chalderon 1512 Nattle of Marj Dobiq 1514 2 Sieges of Vienna 1529 1683 Treaty of Carlowitz 1699 Golden Horn Bosporous 4 bases of power in Ottoman Empire military ghazi warriors religious border warriors orig hired as mercenary soldiers religiousosity earliest ghazi warriors were Sufi influenced religion religious Sufi political succession within family of Osman first Ottoman leader no shura in early Islam there was no political succession all members of the same family single dynasty challenges traditional ways of passing down power not a Muslim empire prodimant group in empire were Christians never majority of Muslims at any time not Middle Eastern empire but starts as a European empire that expands eastward janissaries slave soldiers non Muslims Ottomans would go into Balkan villages take certain amount of small male children like a tax Christian males would be trained in Islamic teachings war administration put into bureaucratic jobs in order to be in Muslim elite needed to be non Muslim and non Turkish foreign born and enter empire as a slave sultans didn t trust people closest to them because of familial business and tribal obligations originally not inheritable similar to Mamluks economic conquering Ottoman Age of Exploration competition from Portugese for spice trade Vasco da Gama 1497 blockade of Red Sea 1538 Ottoman disastrous expedition to India the empire grows under Osam the bases start to change Devshirme sultan janissaries start under him to consolidate victory in Kosovo his father defeated them then seen as stealing young children at first harem means forbidden off limits refers to a place and people women of royal court off limits to non family members Ottoman empire integrating with Christians Battle of Kosovo 1389 Ottoman Sultan Murad I victorious over Serbian Prince Lazar symbol of Serbian nationalism because Serbians have nursed this hurt Mehmet Mehmed II The Conqueror 1451 1480 conquers Constaninople one month siege to city in 1453 finger of Bosphorous Golden Horn peninsula chain line prohibiting people from getting in there Mehmed II dissembled his ships went around rebuild them and attacked use gunpowder beginning of real power capital is at Istanbul effects of his reign good money stability power Selim I The Grim military expands further Armenians and Jews used to trade with Christians Christians dirty so they didn t want to engage with them bad succession originally send male heirs into countryside with mothers to train but bc there was a lot of competition most sultans killed off male relatives except one and stick them in the harem 1512 Battle of Chalderon between the Ottomans and Persian Safavid dynasty totally unequal 2 different types of warfare jannisarries with gunpowder and as standing army v swords pipes less advanced weaponds working on a feudal system Ottomans win set off series of ethnic clensing in Iraq area 1514 Battle of Marj Dobiq Ottomans defeat the Mamluks that controlled Egypt don t slaughter them keep as bureaucracy for Ottoman empire Jerusalem Mecca Medina takes title of caliph in addition to sultan religious and political authority Rashidun Umayyids Abbassids Fatimids Mamluks Ottomans there is no caliph today taking on a new religious views with overtone of a Sunni empire Sufism to Sunnism to maintain power most people were Sunnis Suleiman I The Magnificent The Lawgiver 1520 1566 military siege of Vienna 1529 not successful distinguishes himself as a military leader leads them personally takes so long to get there cant lay siege