Ancient Mythology: East and West CLT3378Exam 2 Terms listPandoraPandora- first woman on Earth; used as a punishment on men because Prometheus stole fire from Zeus and gave it to men; she was created by Hephaestus and given certain gifts like beauty and deceit from several other gods; she was sent to Epimetheus by Zeus, where she opened her jar and released evils upon the world, forever burdening menWorks and Days- written by the Greek Hesiod, it is a didactic moral collection, a farmer’s almanac, and a folk wisdom which tells the lucky and unlucky days on the calendar; doesn’t explain how men are created it just tells how women are created to punish men; has an anti-women view; contains story of PandoraDidactic- means teaching or instructive, Hesiod’s Works and Days is didactic by teaching moral lessonsMisogynistic- an anti-female view, held by the Greeks, explains the view of PandoraHephaistos/Hephaestus- the blacksmith or creator god, he creates Pandora the first woman from clay and water on Zeus’ ordersEpimetheus- false etymology means “afterthought”, he is Prometheus’ brother; Prometheus warned him not to accept any gifts from Zeus because itmay be evil, however when Hermes brings Pandora to Epimetheus on Zeus’ orders, Epimetheus accepts the gift and Pandora opens the jar, releasing all the evils onto the worldPyxis- Greek for box, how we get box from Pandora’s jar which is “pithos,” probably a mistranslationPithos- Greek for jar (Pandora’s jar), life-size and decorated, made of clayHope- she is a binatural goddess; trapped in the jar because Pandora closes the lid before she can escape, no one knows if she is good or evil, does Hesiod mean the absence of Hope or the presence of Hope?kalon kakon- What Hesiod calls women in the Theogony, it means a “beautiful evil”Myth of the Races- Hesiod uses this to explain why life is hard in Works and Days, he also uses the Pandora story but these two explanations are juxtaposed or given back to back; it describes the devolution of people over time, unlike in the Pandora myth where women are created after men, women and men are created at the same time in the Golden RaceRace of Heroes- follows the Bronze Race but it comes before the current Iron Age, there is no devolution here from the Bronze Race, it doesn’t really fit into the Myth of the Races because the Myth of the races is a Near East idea which was transposed onto the Greeks, the Greeks actually believe that these heroes existed so it doesn’t really fit as a mythPrometheusTitans- the children of Gaia and Ouranos, Prometheus is son of one of the Titans IapetosIapetos- one of the titans, child of Gaia and Ouranos, he is the father to PrometheusGaia- Goddess of Earth, “Mother Nature”; goddess of fertility, she is the mother to the Titans, so she is Prometheus’ grandmotherOuranos- Sky god, father to the Titans, grandfather to PrometheusAtlas- Prometheus’ brother, he is punished in some way by Zeus for some reason, he is given the job of supporting the sky so that it doesn’t fall down onto EarthMenoitios- one of Prometheus’ brothers, punished by Zeus for doing something like the rest of his brothers, he is thrown into Tartaros by ZeusMecone- city where the gods and men have a feast, they decide to divide up the Ox between gods and men and let Prometheus do the dividing. Prometheus wraps the bones in fat so that it looks good and wraps the goodmeat in the ox’s stomach so it looks bad, Zeus chooses the bones in the fat, Zeus is mad because of the trick so he does not give men fire which he was contemplating doing; Hesiod still says Zeus was not fooled and that he knewwhat he was doing but that’s probably just because Hesiod praises Zeus through the whole TheogonySicyon- another name for Mecone Fennel stalk- after Prometheus’ trick of the ox meat Zeus decides o not givemen fire, Prometheus uses a fennel stalk and lights the pith on fire, gives it tomen, uses the fennel stalk to steal fire; there is no reason why Prometheus does it, he is just a trickster but also a cultural hero, Zeus has Pandora created to punish men because of PrometheusAeschylus- Greek author, he tells an alternative to Hesiod’s Prometheus tale, his story involves Prometheus being punished for staling fire by being tied up and having an eagle repeatedly eat his liverPrometheus Bound- written by Aeschylus, Prometheus is a cultural hero who stole fire; here Zeus is a tyrant ruler and Prometheus is actually older than him and Prometheus is a titan rather than the son of the titans, Prometheus is punished for stealing fire and for not telling Zeus about a certain fate that he knows, the fate involves the son of Thetis being stronger that the father, Prometheus is tied to a pillar and an eagle eats his liver every day, the liver grows back because Prometheus is a malleable tricksterculture hero- Prometheus is a culture hero because he gives fire to men; tricksters are often cultural heroesEnki/Ea- trickster god who creates humans in the Enuma Elish and Atrahasis; cultural heroMetis- goddess who Zeus is interested in before, their child grows from his head?Typhoios/Typhon- A dragon that Zeus battles, he takes Zeus’ ligaments andlocks him in a cave guarded by a dragoness, Hermes rescues Zeus and gives him his ligaments back, Zeus beats TyphonMetallurgy- tools used to craft metal, Prometheus’ gift of fire allows men topractice this skillPrometheus Unbound- a fragmentary play by Aeschylus, it followsPrometheus Bound, here Prometheus is released, Zeus’ henchmen Kratos and Bia order Hephaestu to chain Prometheus to a cliff, then the Okeanids arrive who are daughters of Okeanos the river, they provide the chorus, Okeanos then comes and he is a sympathizer to Zeus, Prometheus relates himself to Atlas and Typhon who have both been persecuted by Zeus, Aeschylus has Zeus seem like an evil tyrant, Io has also been persecuted by Zeus because she has been turned into a cow to be hidden from Hera and chased around by a gadfly; at the end of the play Hermes is screaming at Prometheus to tell Zeus about the fate that he knowsKratos- Zeus’ henchmen, partners with Bia, he is “power”, he orders Hephaestus to chain Prometheus to a cliffBia- Zeus’ henchmen, partners with Kratos, he is “force”, orders Hephaestusto chain Prometheus to a cliffOkeanids- the daughters of Okeanos; arrive at the scene where Prometheus is being chained to the cliff, they offer the chorus to the play
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