Quiz 1 – January 22, 2013 (from Homeworks 1-2 and Jan. 8, 10, 15, and 17 lectures)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.There were multiple sources of water that contributed to the ocean. How was the majority of theocean's water formed? B. The condensation and cooling of water vapor What caused Earth to partially melt when being formed? D. A combination of all of these choices (Impact of asteroids, comets, and debris; Gravitational compression; Accumulation of decaying radioactive elements)Why is biosynthesis unlikely to occur today as it did in Earth's youth? A. Living organisms have altered oceanic and atmospheric conditionsWhat process accounts for the layers found in Earth? C. Density stratificationHow old are fossils that indicate the first life forms on Earth? C. Between 3.4 and 3.5 billion years oldWhat had the most influence in irreversibly changing the Earth's atmosphere? B. Production of oxygen from photosynthesisWhat process involves the clumping of small particles into larger masses? D. AccretionThe scientific method is characterized as: C. An orderly process in which theories are verified or rejectedWhat prevented explorers like Christopher Columbus from finding precise longitude? C. A durable and precise clock 10. What kind of information can be determined about the ocean with the use of satellites? D. All of these choices (The height of the sea surface; The temperature of the sea surface; The amount of plankton productivity)11. What information was not available for early cartographers to put on charts? B. Water depths and related information12. What did Polynesians use to determine if an island was near, but could not be seen yet? D. All of these choices were used (The change in the rhythmic set of waves against the hull; The Flight tracks of birds at dusk; The Smell of the water) 13. What stimulated the new field of science called oceanography? C. Samples and information from the Challenger expedition14. At what depth is the abyssal plain? 4000-5000m15. Density increases as temperature decreases and decreases as salinity decreases.16. Which bond between adjacent water molecules allows water to be liquid at room temperature and havea high heat capacity? Covalent bonds17. What is the hydrostatic pressure at 5000 m? 501 atm18. Which ocean is saltiest and has the greatest salinity latitudinal gradient? Atlantic19. The maximum density of fresh water is at 4 degrees C20. What is a measure of the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of substance by 1°C? A calorie21. What is an object’s response to input or removal of heat? Change in temperature/Expansion or contraction/Change in vibration of molecules 22. A zone of rapid change in density (with depth) or the density profile is called the Pycnocline23. A zone of rapid change in salinity (with depth) or the salinity profile is called the Halocline24. What conditions always result in an unstable water column that results in mixing, advection, and/orflow? Cold water over warm water and/or salty water over fresh water25. Oligotrophic waters are nutrient poor26. Which cation is a biointermediate element? Ca, O2, HCO3, Ba, Ra, Sr27. If the sodium content is 9.3 g/kg when the salinity of the ocean is 30‰. What would the sodiumcontent be when the ocean salinity is 10‰? 3.1 g/kg28. Which would increase salinity in the ocean? Evaporation, sea ice formation29. Which compounds are biolimiting? N, P, Si, FeFOR QUESTION 30-32, USE THE GRAPHS BELOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. NOTE THE SURFACELAYER HERE IS VERY WARM.130. Which curve is most likely to represent a biolimiting ionic compound? A (For these, know that biointermediate elements never reach 0, biolimiting elements do reach 0, and conservative elements are constant with depth [i.e. they won’t have much of a curve])31. Which curve is most likely to represent chloride? A (Cl is a conservative element)32. Which curve is most likely to represent bicarbonate (biointermediate)? B33. What is the correct order of gas solubility constants from highest to lowest? N2, O2, CO234. Which has pinnae and mobile hind flippers? Otariids35. Embryonic diapause does all of the following, except Capable of conceiving immediately after giving birth; annual reproduction; Single pup36. What would the lung volume percentage be at 1000 m depth? Assume 100 % at the surface and only achange in volume associated with a change in pressure. 1%37. Which is not an adaptation of marine mammals to deep diving? Decreased activity while diving; gliding to save energy; lower heart rate; exhale before diving; increased oxygen storage in muscle and blood instead of lungs; alveoli collapses preventing gas exchange into the blood; slow ascent towards the surface38. Which have a double blowhole and baleen? Mysticete39. The ocean was mostly in place by 4 billion years ago. TRUE40. Longitudinal lines run parallel to the equator. FALSEQuiz 2 – February 5, 2013 (from Homeworks 3-4 and Jan. 22, 24, 29, and 31 lectures)1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Where is density stratification the least pronounced? B. Polar latitudesWhat is a characteristic of Antarctic Bottom Water? A. Extreme densityWhat is responsible for the large-scale global ocean circulation? C. Thermohaline circulationWhat water mass is the most saline? B. Mediterranean Deep WaterWhat is entropy? A. The relative measure of disorder over timeWhat layer is permanently devoid of light? D. Aphotic zoneWhat is the largest most important biogeochemical cycle, that drives all the others? A. Global Carbon CycleWhat biological chemical is important in heredity of traits? B. Nucleic acidsWhat open water zone is near shore and over the continental shelf? D. Neritic Zone10. Which is not a characteristic of sound? Sound spreading is proportional to distance or distance squared, high frequency sound scatter more, sound and light both travel in waves, sound speed increases with increase in temperature and pressure, sound waves refract or bend toward layers of lower sound velocity11. Which is not one of the three processes of echolocation? The three processes of echolocation are: Sound production; Sound reception; Signal processing12. Which marine mammal group produces sounds that will travel furthest? Mysticetes (Due to lowest frequency sound)13. Toadfish showed a stress response and suppressed calling when they heard which sound? Dolphin popsFor numbers 14-16, use the