TEST 3 STUDY GUIDE (DIE4310), Spring 2013Chapter 6 Policy Making Define policymaking. - Identify and describe the steps in the policy making process o Step 1: Define problem and set agenda Goal: convince other people that a public problem exists.- Get the issue placed on the policy agenda defined by each legislative body of the government, by obtaining broad-based public support for the problem. - Effective description of the problem is important, include information on:o The Etiologyo Occurrenceo Determinants of the problemo Step 2: Formulate alternatives Once on the agenda, possible Solutions to the problem are devised anddiscussed by various groups.  In the U.S., policy is formulated by the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government at the National, State and Local Levels.  People involved in policy making are vary diverse and vary from executives to elected officials to street-level bureaucrats.o Step 3: Adopt Policy This step provides the tools and instruments for dealing with the problem chosen.  Tools that are commonly used to combat public health nutrition problems:- Government sponsored programs- Regulations- Public promotions- Cash grantso Step 4: Implement Policy Implementation is the process of putting a policy into action. Involves employees of federal, state, and local governments who work with private organizations, interest groups, and other parties to implement the policy.o Step 5: Evaluate Policy Determine if a program is achieving its stated goals and reaching its intended audience.o Step 6: Terminate Policy Valid reasons for policy termination include:- Resolution of the program- Program is not working- More cost-efficient options available.o Cyclical Process which will generally proceed through these 6 steps, they mayoverlap and may even occur out of sequence.- Outline the steps in how an idea becomes a law o Step 1: Introduction of a bill The bill needs a sponsor from among the legislators to introduce the bill, often there will also be co-sponsors (the more the better) After the bill is introduced, it is sent to the clerks desk where it is - Numbered- Printed- Given a title.o Step 2: The bill proceeds to the House and Senate where it will be assigned to a sub-committee for advancement.o Step 3: The bill in the House and Senate is assigned to committee Public hearings and testimonials may be held at this point to inform committee decision on whether to move the bill forward or kill the bill.o Step 4: Floor Vote If bill approved by Senate and House are identical, it is sent to the president to be signed.  If the two versions differ there is a conference committee for a compromise bill followed by floor votes in the House and Senate. Grass roots efforts at this stage focus on lobbying legislators to vote for or against the bill.o Step 5: Presidential Action The President has three options:- Sign a bill into law - Allow it to become law without his signature or action- Veto the billo Once a bill becomes law, it is given the designation “Public Law” and a number.- Know that the Federal Register is a weekly publication that contains all regulations and proposed regulations and that the Code of Federal Regulations is the compendium of all regulations currently in force. - Define and discuss Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) in relation to the political process of policymaking (See page 170 of text). o Medicare MNT Legislation This bill seeks to amend title XVII of the Social Security Act- Will authorize expansion of Medicare coverage of medical nutrition therapy services.- Will allow the secretary of DHHS to determine future expansions of MNT coverage when scientific evidence shows it would be cost-effective.- Describe emerging policy issues: tracking overweight and obesity with a comprehensive approach; Dietary Reference Intakes; labeling of dietary fat;biotechnology; complementary and alternative medicine; medical foods, functional foods, and nutraceuticals; Human genome and the potential of genetic screening. (probably going to be an “all of the above” question).Food Insecurity and Domestic Food Assistance Programs - Know the target population, income eligibility, benefits, administering agency for the national domestic food assistance programs; and ballpark funding levels. In 2005, what was the total funding level for U.S. food assistance programs?o Target Children mostly, or may be in combination with another target group: Child and adult care food program (CACFP)- Meals and snacks to child and adult day care center clients, children residing in emergency shelters; snacks and suppers in “At-Risk” after school programs (ARASP)- Who can Participate:o Children and adults over the age of 60 who are in approved centers or homes.- Eligibility:o Same as the SLP and SBP Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program (FFVP)- Operates in selected Low-income elementary schools in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.- Funding: $158 million in assistance to state agencies to make available increased fresh fruits and vegetables from local producers.o Law requires that students in participating schools receive between $50-$75 worth of fresh produce over the school year.o Schools reimbursed according to the servings given free to students outside of the breakfast or lunch period. National School Lunch Program (NSLP)- Created by the National School Lunch Act of 1946- Federally assisted meal program operating in over 101,000 public and non-profit private schools and residential care institutions.- Federal Level: administered by Food and Nutrition Service- State Level: administered by State Education agencies, which operate through agreements with school food authorities.- Funding: $9.8 billion with a total of 31.3 million children receivingfood each day.- School Lunches must meet Dietary Guidelineso No more than 30% of cals from fato Less than 10% of cals from Saturated Fato Establish a standard for school lunches to provide one third of the RDA for Protein, Vit A, Vit C, iron, calcium, and calories- Support provided to the schools comes in the form of a cash reimbursement for each meal served. o Higher reimbursement rates are in effect for Alaska and Hawaii and for schools with high percentages of low-income students.- Who can participate:o Any child in school may participate in NSLPo Free Lunch: children from families with incomes <130% ofthe poverty