Chapter 1Chapter 3Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapter 16Healthy LungsAsthma treatmentsStudy GuidePCB4233LFor cumulative portion of final exam Chapter 1- difference between active and passive immunityo Active Immunity: receive active immunity through vaccine or infection specificity and memoryo Passive Immunity: receive passive immunity through serum (antibodies) orT lymphocytes, given to infected person. specificity but no memory- differences between innate and adaptive immunity o Innate: ready to protect, responds quickly, limited, non-reactive to self specific for structures shared by microbes, germ encoded, no memory, lymphocytes usedo Adaptive: handles bigger infections, proliferates (fast dividing cells) have memory (B and T cells activated, proliferates then differentiates into memory B and T cells) takes more time to adapt more specific, produces lots of antibodies Diversity, can respond to many antigens Clonal expansion, proliferation specialization, adapts specific for antigens of microbes, somatic encoded, memory, phagocytes- humoral immunity – extracellular microbe, B cells, antibodies- cell mediated immunity – intracellular microbes, T cell, cytokines- the general effector mechanisms of :o B cells lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response. The principal function of B cells is to make antibodies against soluble antigens. B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. sees microbe, secretes antibodies, neutralizes microbe, phagocytosis, complement activationo Helper T cells secrete cytokines (proteins that control immune response) sees APC, secretes cytokine to induce macrophage activation, inflammation, or activation of B and T lymphocyteso Cytotoxic T cells sees antigen on infected cell, kills infected cell (intracellular) (used if antibodies don’t work)o Regulatory T cells Regulatory T cells (sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized population of T cells that act to suppress activation ofthe immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.o NK cells kill infected cells- how the response of memory cells to antigen stimulation differs compared to the response by naïve cellso Memory cells are more effective in combating microbes than are naïve lymphocytes because memory cells represent and expanded pool of antigen-specific lymphocytes.o Memory cells respond faster and more effectively against the antigen thannaïve cells.o In contrast to naive cells, memory cells live longer, act quicker, are more effective, and have a larger pool of cells specific for a particular antigen. Chapter 2- Know the definition of:o Opsonize Opsonization is the process where particles such as microorganisms become coated with molecules which allow them to bind to receptors on phagocytes. Antibodies and complement proteins like C3b can opsonize and are therefore referred to as "opsonins".  The process if attaching opsonins, such as IgG or complement fragments, to microbial surfaces to target the microbes for phagocytosis.- What are the three types of phagocytes?o Neutrophils o Macrophages o Dendritic cells- What is the ligand for the following antigen receptors?o TLR4  Fungal mannans Parasitic phospholipids  Virial envelop proteins Host heat shock proteins Gram negative bacterial LPSo TLR5  Bacterial flagellin- Besides killing microbes, what else do macrophages do when they are activated?o When macrophages are activated they can do 1 of 3 things 1. kill microbes by producting ROs or NO 2. secrete cytokines that promote inflammation, and enhanced adaptive immunity (TNF, IL-1, IL-12); promotes NK cells and T cellsto secrete IFN-gamma 3. produce fibroblast growth factor, angiogenic factors (development of new blood vessels), metalloproteins (“clean up” extracellular matrix), and endothelial growth factors that lead to tissue remodeling after infection and injury.- What are the ligands for the inhibitory and activating receptors on NK cells?o If a cell presents ligand for the NK cell which binds to the activating receptor on an NK cell, PTK is recruited and phosphorylates the receptor. This activates it. If the cell is healthy, however, it will present MHCI and peptide, which will bind to the inhibitory receptor on the NK cell. PTP is recruited, which dephosphorylates the PTK and thus inactivates and inhibits the activating receptor on NK cells.o Cytokines are the major activator of NK cells.B IL-1, IL-2, IL-12 activate theNK cells. These cytokines are primarily released by macrophages and B cells.o Inhibitors of the NK cells are MHC class I proteins, if a cell loses its ability to express a class I protein, it is more susceptible to being lysed by a NK cell.- What two cytokines are the main mediators of an inflammatory, or innate immuneresponse?o TNFo IL-1o IL-10 and TGF-beta control the inflammatory responseChapter 3Know the definition of:- Stromal cello large cells with long appendages that wind throughout the bone marrow and contact multiple blood cell precursorso “feeder” cells in the bone marrow provide growth factors to create a nurturing microenvironment for all the developing cells in the bone marrowo Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. They also provide support for the bone marrow precursor cells. - Germinal centero Areas within lymph nodes where B lymphocytes rapidly divide, and are an important part of the humoral immune response. They develop dynamically after the activation of B-cells by T-dependent antigen. Histologically, the GCs describe microscopically distinguishable parts in lymphoid tissues.o a highly staining region within a lymphoid follicle in spleen, or mucosal lymphoid tissue that forms during T cell-dependant humoral immune responses and is the site of B cell maturation.- Follicleo A B cell rich region of a lymph node or the spleen that is the site of antigeninduced B cell proliferation and differentiation. In T cell dependant B cell responses to protein antigens, a germinal center forms within the follicles. - Chemokineo Chemokines are a family of small cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells.o Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to promote cells of the immune system to asite of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involvedin controlling the migration of