Study Guide PCB4233L For cumulative portion of final exam Chapter 1 difference between active and passive immunity o Active Immunity receive active immunity through vaccine or infection specificity and memory o Passive Immunity receive passive immunity through serum antibodies or T lymphocytes given to infected person specificity but no memory differences between innate and adaptive immunity o Innate ready to protect responds quickly limited non reactive to self specific for structures shared by microbes germ encoded no memory lymphocytes used o Adaptive handles bigger infections proliferates fast dividing cells have memory B and T cells activated proliferates then differentiates into memory B and T cells takes more time to adapt more specific produces lots of antibodies Diversity can respond to many antigens Clonal expansion proliferation specialization adapts specific for antigens of microbes somatic encoded memory phagocytes humoral immunity extracellular microbe B cells cell mediated immunity intracellular microbes T cell antibodies cytokines the general effector mechanisms of o B cells lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response The principal function of B cells is to make antibodies against soluble antigens B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system sees microbe secretes antibodies neutralizes microbe phagocytosis complement activation o Helper T cells o Cytotoxic T cells o Regulatory T cells secrete cytokines proteins that control immune response sees APC secretes cytokine to induce macrophage activation inflammation or activation of B and T lymphocytes sees antigen on infected cell kills infected cell intracellular used if antibodies don t work Regulatory T cells sometimes known as suppressor T cells are a specialized population of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self antigens o NK cells kill infected cells response by na ve cells how the response of memory cells to antigen stimulation differs compared to the o Memory cells are more effective in combating microbes than are na ve lymphocytes because memory cells represent and expanded pool of antigen specific lymphocytes o Memory cells respond faster and more effectively against the antigen than na ve cells o In contrast to naive cells memory cells live longer act quicker are more effective and have a larger pool of cells specific for a particular antigen Chapter 2 Know the definition of o Opsonize Opsonization is the process where particles such as microorganisms become coated with molecules which allow them to bind to receptors on phagocytes Antibodies and complement proteins like C3b can opsonize and are therefore referred to as opsonins The process if attaching opsonins such as IgG or complement fragments to microbial surfaces to target the microbes for phagocytosis What is the ligand for the following antigen receptors What are the three types of phagocytes o Neutrophils o Macrophages o Dendritic cells o TLR4 Fungal mannans Parasitic phospholipids Virial envelop proteins Host heat shock proteins Gram negative bacterial LPS o TLR5 Bacterial flagellin Besides killing microbes what else do macrophages do when they are activated o When macrophages are activated they can do 1 of 3 things 1 kill microbes by producting ROs or NO 2 secrete cytokines that promote inflammation and enhanced adaptive immunity TNF IL 1 IL 12 promotes NK cells and T cells to secrete IFN gamma 3 produce fibroblast growth factor angiogenic factors development of new blood vessels metalloproteins clean up extracellular matrix and endothelial growth factors that lead to tissue remodeling after infection and injury What are the ligands for the inhibitory and activating receptors on NK cells o If a cell presents ligand for the NK cell which binds to the activating receptor on an NK cell PTK is recruited and phosphorylates the receptor This activates it If the cell is healthy however it will present MHCI and peptide which will bind to the inhibitory receptor on the NK cell PTP is recruited which dephosphorylates the PTK and thus inactivates and inhibits the activating receptor on NK cells o Cytokines are the major activator of NK cells IL 1 IL 2 IL 12 activate the NK cells These cytokines are primarily released by macrophages and B cells o Inhibitors of the NK cells are MHC class I proteins if a cell loses its ability to express a class I protein it is more susceptible to being lysed by a NK cell What two cytokines are the main mediators of an inflammatory or innate immune response o TNF o IL 1 o IL 10 and TGF beta control the inflammatory response Chapter 3 Know the definition of Stromal cell o large cells with long appendages that wind throughout the bone marrow and contact multiple blood cell precursors o feeder cells in the bone marrow provide growth factors to create a nurturing microenvironment for all the developing cells in the bone marrow o Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue They also provide support for the bone marrow precursor cells Germinal center o Areas within lymph nodes where B lymphocytes rapidly divide and are an important part of the humoral immune response They develop dynamically after the activation of B cells by T dependent antigen Histologically the GCs describe microscopically distinguishable parts in lymphoid tissues o a highly staining region within a lymphoid follicle in spleen or mucosal lymphoid tissue that forms during T cell dependant humoral immune responses and is the site of B cell maturation o A B cell rich region of a lymph node or the spleen that is the site of antigen induced B cell proliferation and differentiation In T cell dependant B cell responses to protein antigens a germinal center forms within the follicles o Chemokines are a family of small cytokines or proteins secreted by cells o Some chemokines are considered pro inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to promote cells of the immune system to a Follicle Chemokine site of infection while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development o A large family of structurally homologous low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to tissues Also know Where do B cells and T cells develop o B cells