FINAL EXAMSchool*American schools are very diverse-No federal education policyHistory*States passed mandatory attendance laws 100 years ago*These are rare in other countries-but are becoming more common*1800’s- Liberal Arts Education-For the wealthy*1920’s- train for work, citizenship, general education*1950’s- prep for work, producing well rounded individual*Schools continue to be criticized through time*No Child Left Behind-Accountability-Shifted responsibility to the states-FCATCritics*To much focus on test*Child lose creativity and critical thinking*Hasn’t closed the gap between minoritiesCharacteristics of Effective Schools*The size of schools have been getting bigger since 1800’s*Big Schools-Pros= more diverse classes-Cons= less likely to participate*Best school size is between 500-1000 students*Class size has no consensus between 20-40 students*Small class better for children with learning problemsTransitions*6:3:3, 5:3:4*Both are stressful*1st year is stressful*8:4 more common in other countries*not really about transitionSchool Climate*Quality of interaction between teachers and children*Authoritative teachers*Engagement= the quality of being psychologically committed to learning*Exception rather than the normDirect Institution vs. Constructivism*Direct= teacher centered*Constructivism= child centered*Traditional leads to slight better grades/test scores*Constructivism leads to more positive attitude about school Traditional vs. Constructive Classroom*Traditional= lecture, teacher holds the knowledge*Constructive= child-centered, hands on learning, teacher-children are partners-Teachers use zone of proximal development-Reciprocal teaching= teachers and students take turns leading the class *Communities of learning*Cooperation not competition*Teachers/students create rules together*Higher education is due to:1) Family Environments-Parent’s expectations= when parents expect school success, teens to live up to that, more involve with child and school (Children do better)-Parent involvement = passive genotype interaction -Parenting style= authoritative, worst is neglectful/disengaged *No warmth/demand-SES*High SES better for school success (nutrition/healthcare)2) Teachers and Parents-What makes someone an effective teacher?*Warmth, adaptability, flexibility, knowledgable, parent involvement*More likely to get As, less likely to get held back*Motivating Teens-extrinsic and intrinsic motivation -extrinsic= motivated by others, external reward and punishment-Intrinsic= motivated from inside, taking on a challenge, being proud of yourself-When we use extrinsic we lose internal motivation, short term, no longer care, andalways expect a reward-The real world always includes external rewards-Extrinsic rewards by themselves are not effective*How we set up a classroom where we encourage internal motivation?1) Provide more choices in assignments/projects2) Encourage autonomy in activities and homework3) Decrease external motivation4) Evaluate in privateWork*Typically HS experience= higher rates of teens working in the US (80%)*Other countries= longer school day and more HW*US schools have lower demands*Early Adolescence-Less formal, girls babysit, boys= yard work-Low time commitment*Late Adolescence-More formal-Restaurant, food, retail sales-Sophomores= 15 hrs a week-Seniors= 20 hrs a week-Repetitive and monotonous-25% of the time spent cleaning or caring-work is rarely connected to school*No close relationship to boss or coworkers-Few teens see HS job as future career*Psychological Functioning-depends on hours worked-Up to 10 hrs= no effect, beyond 10 hrs= some problems, behind 20 hrs= more problems*Anxiety, depression, sleeping, eating habits, exercise affected-Exercise increases self-esteem and well-being*Behavioral Problems-More likely to use alcohol/cigarettes/drugs*Correlation goes both ways-Occupational Deviance*calling in sick, stealing*60% after 9 months-Why?*No personal investment and substance abuse is stress reliever*Teens and Money-Spend their money on:1) Going out with friends, good times2) Drugs (cigs/alcohol)3) Typically not contributing to family or saving*Case of Adolescent Work-responsibility-money management-Social skills, time management-main thing= less time watching TV-Does not seem to affect HW timeMedia*Average teen listens to music for 2 hrs a day-TV for 2 hrs/day-50% of 12-17 year olds go to movies once a month-70% of girls reg. read magazines-90% of teens have daily internet*6 ½ hours a day using media*Substantial amount takes place alone*1/2 have DVD players, 2/3 have TV*Almost all have stereo in room2 Theories to explain Media Influence1) Cultivation Theory-Passive-Media shapes a person’s world view over time-Mean world Syndrome2) Social Learning Theory-People imitate behaviors that they see rewarded/punished -Uses gratification approach= people are active media consumers based on 2 principles1) Make diff. choices about the media we consume2) We respond to diff. to the same media5 Uses of Media1) Entertainment2) Identity Formation-What is ideal for being man/woman, sexual and romantic scripts-Physical appearance and relationships-Mags for boys, little mention of appearance in teens3) High Sensation-Males4) Coping-Deal with anger, anxiety, or unhappiness5) Youth culture identification-see what you’re supposed to be likeStudy Guide- Chapter 10, 11, 12, and 13Federal vs. local school standards-We use local school standards. No national education policy-In other industrialized countries, secondary education tends be more demanding then US-Un-industrialized countries, secondary education not important (families need income)NCLB-No child left behind-Shifted responsibility to the states (FCAT)-national testing, standards of teachers, evals of teacher effectivenessCharacteristics of effective schools-adolescent’s academic performance effected by family relationships, friendships, work-Age of Adolescence (1890-1920) that school changed in US*States require laws for children to go to school-The US has comprehensive high school as secondary education (greater flexibility)-Most European countries have college prep schools, vocational, and professional school*Vocational= specific skills*Prep= no music or other classes, general ed (1/2)*Professional= teacher training, the arts (1/4 Europeans)*Consequence is adolescents must decide what they want to do early-Larger schools = more class options, no academic achievement comparison between small