Final Exam ReviewSpring 2012 ASH3100-01 History of Asia April 21, 2012INDIA1. The Revolt of 1857 a. The rise of the British East India Company—a new Empire in India.i. Trading posts throughout India. They controlled India, with much less crown influenceb. Nature of the Revolt of 1857. Why is the Revolt unique?i. Possibly the first war of British independencec. Causes for the outbreak of the Revolt i. Dissatisfaction among the armyii. Dissatisfaction among peasants, landlordsiii. Dissatisfaction among Indian princesiv. Immediate cause of the Revoltv. Grease in Enfield rifles was pig/cow fat caused religious controversy d. Main centers of the Revolti. Meerut (where revolt broke out)ii. Then moved to Delhi where Badadur Shaha Zafar (old Mughal Emperor) was named symbol of the revolt. e. The loyal and the neutral provincesi. Loyal: Sikhs of Punjab ii. Neutral: south India, Bengal, English educated elite. f. Why did the Revolt fail?i. It was too localized; there was no central plan and no common leader.g. Effects of the Revolti. Mughal empire disappearedii. British over confidence shatterediii. Restructuring of British army 2:1 solider ratioh. What was gained?i. First sign of patriotism in India, Hindu Muslim unity. ii. East India co was no longer, Queen Victoria would rule India, from the company to the Crown.2. A Nation in the Making? a. Changes in bureaucracyi. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation: Viceroy and secretary of state began ruling India, instead of the East India Co. ii. India’s Civil Service Exam required to be taken in LondonASH 3100-01 Fall 2011Final Exam Study Guide21. Age went from 21 to 19yo to take itb. Changes in economyi. Deindustrialization of India1. Deindustrialization: textiles in India to costly, especially with new tariffs in London. ii. Drain of Wealth theory 1. Drain of wealth due to cost of warc. Birth of Indian nationalismi. Lord Lytton’s Viceroyaltyii. Great Famine, 18761. Man made, defective food distribution, created food kitchens to try and counteract.iii. Delhi Durbar, 18771. Commemorated Queen Victoria and was significant because it showed the impact of imperialism.iv. Indian National Congress, 18851. 1st national organization rejecting British authority. d. Difference between Extremists and Moderatesi. Moderates in the organization followed the 3P’s, prayers, protest, and petitions, constitutional means. ii. Extremists in the congress were radical nationalist, violent means, for complete independence. e. Growth of Extremism i. Lord Cruzons decision to partition Bengal; it was “too large and unwieldy”. ii. The real reason was to divide and rule, setting the Hindus against the Muslims; this brought much hate to the British. f. Partition of Bengal, 1905 i. Lord Curzon’s Motives 1. to divide and rule the Hindus and Muslims2. west Bengal: Hindu majority, western educated, middle class3. East Bengal: Muslimii. Outcome of Partition 1. Insulted Bengalis and created a hate for the British and fueled extremists. g. Rise of revolutionary terrorismi. Bhagat Singh 1. Lead the revolution2. Caused the partition of Bengal to be annulled in 1911ii. Rang de Basanti ( movie)1. British film maker ask 5 friends to act in a movie on the freedom fighters of India as documented in her father’s diary2. Depicts the corruption in India’s government.3.2ASH 3100-01 Fall 2011Final Exam Study Guide33. Gandhi a. The rise of Gandhii. Came to fame due to disillusionment with moderates, massive drain of wealth in the country, and the Indian army was exploited. b. Gandhi’s South African experience/political strategyi. He was an Educated lawyer at oxfordii. There was much protest about racism in South Africa’s white government. iii. He came up with the idea of passive resistance, non violent, non cooperation.c. Gandhi’s appeali. Hind Swaraj (freedom of India) pamphlets with his face are passedaroundii. Was very anti industrial, he believed that industry was the actual enemyiii. Taught that we should live the simple lifeiv. He dressed and spoke in simple peasant style, was viewed to be thepeasants equalsd. Amritsar Massacrei. Crowd of peaceful people gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh garden with only one exit. They were celebrating a festival and it was mistaken as a protest, General Dyer brings in forces and kills over 2000 people and blocked the only exit.e. Non-Cooperation Movement, 1920 i. Background1. Gandhi launched this movement, detachment from the rajii. program 1. boycott schools and universities, Hindu/Muslim unity, Non Violence2. Indians should spin their own clothes and use a hand loom3. Boycotted foreign clothes, boycott of the Prince of Wales visit. 4. Khadi= symbol for freedom (hand loom)f. Chauri Chaura incidenti. Villagers violently attacked police. Gandhi was shocked and calledoff the Non Co-op movement, was proof of a growing militant Indian massesg. Simon Commission, 1927i. All white commission sent from England to India to decide the fateof India. Was greeted by much protest and black flags were the symbol against it.h. Civil Disobedience Movement, 1930/ Dandi March i. Program1. Was against the Salt Laws3ASH 3100-01 Fall 2011Final Exam Study Guide42. The Dandi march was to show defiance of the salt laws, was a very symbolic marchii. Significance1. Was important because it struck at the heart of British profits2. Included women, students, youth, and Muslims3. Gandhi was arrested in 1930, most likely due to the marchi. Quit India movement, 1942i. August 9th 1942, congress leaders arrested, even though Gandhi had not yet began the movement. Tremendous mass upsurge acrossthe countryj. Nature of Gandhian movementsi. Gandhi was the face of the struggle between the people and the Britishii. Even when Gandhi was in jail the people still were in uproar, caused independence in 1947 of Indiaiii. Gandhi was assassinated in 19484. India’s Independence and the Birth of Pakistan a. Hindu-Muslim relations before the Revolt of 1857i. No hostility before the revolt, they got along fine.ii. Communalism was formed causing the beginning of hate between Muslims and Hindus post 1857b. Indian responsibility for the birth of Communalism ( Hindu, Muslim)i. Muslim: Syed Ahmed Khan1. He first said in 1884 that “all Muslims, Hindus, and Christians who live in this nation or one”2. Later in 1886 he changed his mind saying” Muslims and Hindus are 2 different nations”ii. Muslim League, 19061. Formed and all Indian Muslim organization, it was