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MEXICO’S 2 TWO MOVEMENTS FOR INDEPENDENCE- Mexico’s oscillation between extreme political instability and stability in the 19th century laid the foundations for revolutionINDEPENDENCE PERIOD- Phase 1o Drought in El Bajio (decrease in agricultural production; hurts the lower class the most) The Creoles begin to hoard grain - Guanajuato granary was an attack on a grain millo Miguel Hidalgo is the first revolutionary leader  His call for revolution is called the Grito De Delores (1810) Wanted to get rid of peninsulars Recruits the lower class to increase the numbers, but still wants it to be a creole movement (the only common tie the creoles and lower class have in common is their hatred for peninsulars but after that they hate each other)Makes lose decrees: (these allowed him to gain more support from the lower class)- Abolishes slavery- Abolishes taxes for Indians o March on Mexico City (60,000 people) Used guerilla warfare Lose because the Spanish army had barracks in the city Once they retreat, the Spanish captures Hidalgo and is tried in front of the Inquisition- Phase 2o Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon replaces Hidalgo as the new revolutionary leader (is a mestizo so it’s now a movement of the lower classes)o Ferdinand VII asks Morelos to step down o Agustin de Iturbide is the next leader—calls himself a constitutional emperor High rank in the Spanish army but walks away and joins the independence movement- “Calculated act of treason” Plan de Iguala—Constitutional monarchy o Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria plot against the new emperor (want a democracy)o Iturbide abdicates and goes into exileo Elects Guadalupe Victoria as president of Mexico He isn’t reelectedo Instability periodo Santa Anna is elected President- Mexican Political Instabilityo Wars with the US (Texas Rebellion, Mexican-American War)o Conservatives vs. Liberals Conservatives: upper class (creoles, clergy, military leaders)- Leader is Felix Zuloaga Liberals: lower class (Indians, Africans, mestizo, academics)—encourage neocolonialism to try and recover the economy- Leader is Benito Juarezo Constitution of 1857 —creates problems with Liberals and Conservatives Liberal Constitution Demands sales of all Church lands (government gets profits) Cease Creole large landowners land to redistributeExpand education and take it out of the control of the Church (available to everyone) Every man can voteo War of Reform (1858-1861) Both Juarez and Zuloaga are president at the same time Causes a Civil War French, British and the Spanish intervene (want to take control of more lands)o French Occupation Napoleon III sends Maximilian I as the leader of Mexico Cinco de Mayo—Elie-Frederic-Forey US Intervention and the French go to war in Europe (Franco-Prussian War) and the French are thrown outo Porfiriato  Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada vs. Porfirio Diaz- Diaz doesn’t win but leads a military coup and takes leadership Positivism: scientific racism (outward signs of progress)- Cientificos had the sole job of implementing positivism (technology, clothing) Rurales: police force in the rural areas (where Diaz’s opposition would come from)- Could do anything that would maintain the peace  Assassination Attempt (1897) Modernization Policies (economic)—neocolonialism - Lower import tax (specifically trying to bring in US)- Light industrialization (railroads, mining, oilREVOLUTIONARY PERIOD- Revolutionaries differed on whether Mexico’s problems required a political or social movement- The bloody conflict of the Mexican Revolution slowly came to an end when the demands of the working class and peasantry became instutionalized through the government- Mexicans would say revolution is still going on today- Unfair exploitation of the land by moneyed Mexican and foreign elites - Removal of Diazo Workers strike in the Cananea Strike (mine owned by American William Green)—workers took over Workers demands : better hours and safety, overtime payments Green doesn’t give into these demands, so he calls on Diaz- Initially Diaz tells Green to deal with it himself- Green creates a militia to take over the mine and kick out the workers Diaz must intervene now that Green has started a war within his mineBecause of this Diaz says he wont run for president again (he ends up running again in the next election)o Francisco Madero vs. Porfirio Diaz Madero is part of the anti-Diaz party Diaz wins the election—he cancels the electiono Plan of San Luis Potosi is put out by Madero Plans a revolution If Diaz walks away before the day of the revolution, then the revolution wouldn’t happen and Madero would become president (Diaz doesn’t leave) US support goes behind Maderoo 2 military leaders : (north) Pancho Villa and (south) Emiliano Zapata  Zapata doesn’t fully support Maderoo Fall of Diaz in 1911 Diaz goes into exile to France and takes all the money in the Mexican treasury - Civil War in Revolutiono Madero’s Presidency (1911-1913) Wants a political revolution not a social one Pretends to be interested in peasants with the Agrarian Commission—wants to win over Zapata o Bernardo Reyes is Madero’s first opposition leader  Tries to start a revolution and Madero has him put in prisono Felix Diaz is the second opposition leader Leads a revolution and is put in the same prison as Reyeso Decena Tragica  Reyes and Diaz are released from jail—take over the jail Put together an army Tell Madero he needs to leave—decides to leave town but is killed o The US sends Henry Lane Wilson to negotiate between the revolutionaries and Madero Wilson wants Victoriano Huerta to be the leader  He is made the president of Mexico but isn’t recognized by the people- The people fall back on Villa and Zapatao Xochimilco Conference is held to decide to overthrow Huerta, have a social revolution and elect a president o Venustiano Carranza as president Constitution (1914)- Land Article 27 —any land ceased by Diaz would be returned to the Indians o Neighbor must testify that it truly was the owner’s lando Elites end up taking over the most of these lands - Labor Article 123 —8 hour work day, work week, minimum wage, equality of pay between all race or sex; legalize strikes and union o Requires that the government must be involved in union interaction - This Constitution didn’t work


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FSU LAH 1093 - Study Guide

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