Review for Final (KIN 352 – Spring, 2022) Personality o Psychological Coreo Typical responseso Role-Related BehaviorMental strategies used by successful athletes Successful athletes practice specific plans for dealing with adversity during competition to enhance competitiono They practice routines for dealing with unusual circumstances and distractions before and during a competitiono Complete concentration on the upcoming event – blocking out irrelevant events and thoughtso Use several mental rehearsals before competitiono Focus completely on what is controllableo Develop detailed competition planso Regulate arousal and anxietyMotivation o Direction & Intensity3 approaches to motivation (know the difference between) o Trait Centered Viewo Situational Centered Viewo Interactional Centered view5 guidelines for building motivation (know examples of) o Consider both situations and traits in motivating peopleo Understand there are multiple motives for involvemento Change environmento Motivation is influenced by behavior and actionso Utilizing behavior modificationsIntrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards Arousal, Anxiety, Stress (be able to distinguish the difference) Relationship between arousal and performance - Inverted U Hypothesis (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION) Wasted emotions that humans beings express - worry and guilt (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)Competition and Cooperation (defined and distinguished) o Competitivenesso Win orientationo Goal orientationViewing competition as a process o Objective Competitive situationo Subjective competitive situationo Responseo ConsequencesReinforcement o Positive and negativeGuidelines for using positive reinforcement (know why)o Choose effective reinforcerso Schedule the reinforcer effectivelyo Reward appropriate behavioro Provide performance feedbackUsing Punishments explained o Support for punishmento Criticismso Making it effectiveThe Sandwich Approach – effective communication (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)Group and Team dynamics o Recognize the difference between groups and teamsGroup development Linear Perspective Group structures o Group roleso Group NormsEffective team Climate o Socialo Proximityo Distinctivenesso Fairnesso Similarityo Task interdependenceRingelmann Effect (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)Social loafing (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)Building team cohesion o What coaches and leaders can doo What group members can doLeadership (difference between leaders and managers) (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)o Prescribed leadero Emergent leader o Relationship oriented leadero Task-oriented leaderArousal Regulation You must increase your awareness of your psychological states before you can control your thoughts and feeling.  How individuals cope with anxiety is more important than how much anxiety they have Individuals who view their anxiety as debilitative are typically limited in their use of coping strategies Individuals who perceived their anxiety as facilitative typically perform better and cope more effectively with anxietyAnxiety Reduction TechniquesSomatic Anxiety – Body Cognitive Anxiety - MindSomatic (body) Anxiety Reduction Techniques o Progressive Relaxationo Breath Controlo BiofeedbackCognitive (mind) Anxiety Reduction Techniques (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)Relaxation Response (quiet the mind, concentrate, reduce muscle tension)1. A quiet Place2. Comfortable Position3. Mental device (mantra)4. A passive attitudeAutogenic Training (sensations of warmth and heaviness)***In Order1. Heaviness in the extremities2. Warmth in the extremities3. Regulation of cardiac activity4. Regulation of breathing5. Abdominal warmth6. Cooling of the foreheadSystematic Desensitization – know what it isAnecdotal tips for dealing with stress o Smile when you feel tension comingo Have fun – enjoy the dayo Set up stressful situations in practiceo Slow down and take your timeo Stay focused on the presento Come prepared with a good game planArousal-Inducing Techniques o Increase breathing rateo Act energizedo Use of mood words and positive statementso Yelling and shoutingo Musico Energizing imageryo Complete a precompetitive workoutGoal-Setting Goal setting is an extremely powerful technique for enhancing performance but must be implemented correctly Goals will not be effective unless they are tied to specific and realistic strategies for achieving them Goals should be set individually in the beginning until the individual gets more skilled at the processGoals (objective vs subjective)Why goal setting works o Goals direct attention to important elements of the skill being performedo Goals mobilize performers effortso Goals prolong performers persistenceo Goals foster the development of new learning strategiesTypes of goals (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)o Outcomeo Performanceo ProcessPrinciples of goal setting (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)o Set specific goalso Set moderately difficult but realistic goalso Set long & short-term goalso Set performance, process, and outcome goalso Set practice & competition goalso Record your goalso Develop Goal achievement strategieso Must consider personalities and motivationso Provide goal supporto Foster individual’s goal commitmento Provide evaluation and feedbackCommon problems in goal settingo Convincing students, athletes, and exercisers to set goalso Failing to set short term goalso Setting too many goals too soono Failing to adjust goalso Failing to recognize individual differenceso Not providing follow-up and evaluationConcentrationConcentration (4-parts) 1. Focusing on the relevant cues in the environment (selective attention)2. Maintain that focus over time (attentional focus)3. Awareness of the situation and performance errors (situational Awareness) 4. Shifting attentional focus when necessaryAttentional focus Types (SHORT ANSWER QUESTION)o Broad attentional focus – perceive several occurrences very quickly.o Narrow attentional focus – responding to only one or two cues o External attentional focus – directs attention outward to an objecto Internal attentional focus – directed inward to thoughts and feelingsProblems with attention o Internal distractors Attending to past events Attending to future events Choking under pressure Overanalyzing body mechanics Fatigue Inadequate motivationo External distractors Visual AuditorySelf-Talk (3 categories) o Positive (motivational)o Instructionalo NegativeImproving concentration o Use