Catastrophe is a much bigger problem than a crisis: TrueDisasters are characterized by the disruption they cause to people’s daily routine activities: TrueA disaster is: Larger than an emergencyTsunamis count as a: Hydrological hazard (made of water)The Richter scale is used to classify the strength of earthquakes.An agent-generated demand includes efforts to respond to response-generated demands: False.From least bad to worst:1: Accidents2: Crisis3: Emergencies4: Disasters5: Calamities6: CatastrophesDisasters: Deadly, destructive and disruptive events that occur when a hazard interacts with human vulnerability.Hazard: Is an agent or threat that includes natural, technological, human-induced agents, such as earthquake, industrial explosion or terrorist attack.Vulnerability refers to the proneness of people to disasters or a limited ability to deal with disasters.Emergency management: The study of how humans and their institutions deal with hazards, vulnerabilities and the events that result for their interactions.Mitigation: Prevention and loss reductionPreparedness: Implies efforts to increase readinessResponse: Action to save lives or protect propertyRecovery: Is action to return life support systems to normal or improved levelsEmergency managers: Public servants who help jurisdictions reduce the liabilities that lead to disasters and endeavor to build capabilities to deal with threats.First responders: Public safety personnel such as police, firefighters and EMT’s.Mass shootings, panic flight, riots, terrorism, war.Agent-generated demand: The needs made evident by the hazard.Response-generated demands: The needs made evident as individuals, organizations, and communities attempt to meet agent-generated demand.Normalcy-generated demands: The pressures to get things back to pre-disaster conditions.Mitigation-generated demands: The desires to learn from the disaster and avoid making similar mistakes in the future.Preparedness-generated demands: The expectations that the mistakes made evident in response and recovery will not be repeated in the future. Improvements in planning and the allocation of additional resources fall into this category.Public sector: A segment of society that is made up of government offices, departments and agencies.Private sector: Part of society that includes businesses and corporations.Non-profit sector: The division of society that is comprised of humanitarian, charitable, religious, and voluntary organizations.Citizens.National Disaster Recovery Framework: A guide to enable effective recovery in disaster-strickenareas. It provides disaster recovery managers with a flexible structure to restore affected communities.National Protection Framework: Describes what the whole community should do to safeguard against acts of terrorism, natural disasters, and other threats or hazards.Established organizations: Group that perform routine tasks with existing structures.Expanding organizations: Groups that perform routine tasks with new structures.Extending organizations: Groups that perform nonroutine tasks with existing structures.Emergent organizations: Groups of individuals who work together to perform common goals but do not have a formalized organization.Price gouging: Atypical to the vast majority of situations.Role or post abandonment is extremely rare after a disaster.Shock does not occur among the vast majority of victims.Reporting is frequently incorrect after a disaster.Martial law has never been imposed in the US in the United States after a disaster.Emergency management intrinsically connects to military operations and expanded as disasters and crises called for it.Traditional Model: Need to focus on war disasters, belief that government is the most reliable actor, belief that it is best to operate under hierarchy and with standard operating procedures, emergency management is concerned with first-responder issues only.Strengths: War is devastating, government is an important actor, SOP’s and hierarchy help protect emergency personnel, a desire to manage the situation effectively.Weaknesses: Ignores other disasters, neglects important actors, over-reliance on SOPs that may not work in each situation, fails to recognize order in chaos, relies on top-down communications.Professional Model: Actual or perceived limitations of the traditional model led to the development of the professional model.Strengths: Takes an all-hazards approach, acknowledges many actors, stresses integration of activities of many actors, allows for improvisation, accepts a broad picture of disasters.Weaknesses: Downplays unique difficulties, of wartime disasters, downplays the role of government and first responders, fail to recognize importance of hierarchical leadership, overlooks benefits of SOPs, fail to see details of field-level operations.Emergency Operations Plan: Describe how the jurisdiction might respond to a disaster. The diverse hazards and detection methods are included along with severity ranking.Emergency Operations Center: Central location where leaders can gather information, discuss opinions, make decisions, disseminate policy, mobilize resources, and communicate with involved parties.Partial Activation: Some staffFull Activation: All staff presentWarnings: Advanced notifications that allow people to take measures to protect themselves and their property.Horizontal evacuation: Moving away from a problem Vertical evacuation: Moving up and away from a problem or down and away, like higher groundin a tsunamiHuman Behavior in SAR: Participation of untrained volunteers, informal or formal organization of responsibilities, use of any equipment available, preference for certain victims, in time, professional SAR teams will arrive on the scene, victims will cooperate with each other and withrescuers, professional teams may or may not work with emergent groups.Issues to consider: Tools and equipment, situational awareness, rescuer needs, time, medical care, professionalization. Disaster has to occur with a local level response, local level needs additional resources, state responds, governor declares disaster if additional support is needed, fema regional representativeis deployed, regional rep requests federal declaration, fema sends it to department of homeland security, then president declares disaster.Conducting SAR: Gather facts, assess damage, consider probabilities, assess your situation, establish rescue priorities, make decisions, develop a rescue