Unformatted text preview:

ME437/537 G. Ahmadi 1Lift Force Small particles in a shear field as shown in Figure 2 experience a lift force perpendicular to the direction of flow. The shear lift originates from the inertia effects in the viscous flow around the particle and is fundamentally different from aerodynamic lift force. The expression for the inertia shear lift was first obtained by Saffman (1965, 1968). That is )dydusgn(|dydu|)uu(d615.1Ff2/1fpf22/1)Saff(L−ρν= (1) Here uf is the fluid velocity at the location of mass center of the particle, up is the particle velocity, dtduf=γ&is the shear rate, d is the particle diameter and ρ and ν are the fluid density and viscosity. Note that FL is in the positive y-direction if uf>up. Figure 1. Schematics of a particle in a shear flow. Equation (1) is subjected to the following constraints: 1d|uu|Rpfes<<ν−= 1dR2e<<νΩ=Ω 1dR2eG<<νγ=& 1RRεes2/1eG>>= Here Ω is the rotational speed of the sphere. Dandy & Dwyer (1990) found that the Saffman lift force is approximately valid at larger Res and small ε. McLaughlin (1991) showed that the lift force decreases as ε decreases. Based on these studies Mei (1992) suggested the following empirical fit to the results of Dandy and Dwyer and McLaughlin. For large ε and Res, Lift uf upME437/537 G. Ahmadi 2>α≤α+−α−=40 Rfor )R(0524.0 40 Rfor 3314.0)10/Rexp()3314.01(FFes2/1eses2/1es2/1)Saff(LL (2) where eseG2espfR2R2R|uu|2d=ε=−γ=α& (3) For 20 0.1 ≤ε≤ )]}32.0(6tan[667.0)]}{191.0(log5.2tanh[1{3.0FF10)Saff(LL−ε++ε+= (4) For large and small ε McLaughlin obtained the following expressions <<εεε−>>εε−=−−1 for )ln(1401 for 287.01FF252)Saff(LL (5) Note the change in sign of the lift force for small values of ε . McLaughlin (1993) included the effects of presence of the wall in his analysis of the lift force. The results for particles in a shear field but not too close to the wall were given in tabulated forms. Cherukat and McLaughlin (1994) analyzed the lift force acting on spherical particles near a wall as shown in Figure 2. Accordingly 4/IdVFL22)LC(Lρ=− (6) where luuuVpfpγ−=−=& and for non-rotating spheres, )K4854.0K7292.0K216.07716.1(I32L+−+= G2)K9059.0K084.2145.1K/2397.3( ∧−++− (7) 2G32)K3174.1K4007.20575.10069.2( ∧+−++ME437/537 G. Ahmadi 3 Figure 2. Schematics of a particle near a wall in a shear flow. For rotating (freely) spheres, )K845163.0K1837.1K3561.0s7631.1(I22L+−+= G2)K4616.0K8248.06760.2K/24139.3( ∧−++− (8) 2G32)K98149.0K9009.1K879585.08081.1( ∧+−++ Here l2dK =, v2dGγ=∧&. (9) Lift Force on a Particle Touching a Plane Leighton and Acrivos (1985) obtain the expression for the lift on the spherical particles resting on a plane substrate as shown in Figure 4. They found 24)AL(Ld576.0F γρ=−& (10) which is always point away from the wall. Note that the Saffman expression given by (1) may be restated as 2/332/1)Saff(Ld807.0F γρν=& (11) Lift d lME437/537 G. Ahmadi 4 Equation (6) with IL given by (7) reduces to (10) for K = 1, ٨G = -1. For small particles in turbulent flows, using ++= yu, *uuu =+, ν=+*yuy, ν=γ2*u (12) where u* is the shear velocity, equations (10) and (11) become 4)AL(Ld576.0F++−= (13) 3)Saff(Ld807.0F++= (14) where 2LLFFρν=+, ν=+*dud (15) Experimental studies of lift force were performed for generally larger particles in the range of 100 to several hundred µm. Hall (1988) found 31.2)Hall(Ld21.4F++= for d+> 1.5 (16) Mollinger and Nieuwstadt (1996) found 87.1)MN(Ld57.15F++= for 0.15 < d+ < 1 (17) Figure 4 compares the model predictions with the experimental data of Hall. It is seen that the experimental data is generally much higher than the theoretical models. Lift Figure 3. Schematics of a sphere resting on a wall in a shear flow.ME437/537 G. Ahmadi 5 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02 1.00E+03 Fl+0.1 1 10 d+Mollinger Hall Saffman LeightonExperiment Figure 4. Comparison of model predictions with the experimental


View Full Document

CLARKSON ME 437 - Lift Force

Download Lift Force
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Lift Force and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Lift Force 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?