APY 345 MIDTERM COMPARATIVE PRIMATE ANATOMY TERMS Anatomical Terms Lecture 1 January 28 2019 Nomina anatomica agreed upon international language which gives anatomical names to individual structures based in Latin and Greek o Developed to facilitate communication for anatomists worldwide Anatomical Position erect position of the body with the face directed forward arms at the side palms facing forward o Used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another Body Planes o Sagittal Median plane vertical plane that divides the body into symmetrical halves o Coronal plane vertical plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts o Transverse Horizontal plane passes through the body and is parallel to the ground Anatomical Direction Bipeds and Quadrupeds o Anterior ventral front o Lateral away from midline o External outer o Superior cranial above top o Proximal toward trunk o Superficial more external Directions of Movement o Posterior dorsal back o Medial toward midline o Internal inner o Inferior caudal below tail o Distal away from trunk o Deep more internal o Abduction away from midline o Flexion decreasing angle o Pronation palm posterior o Medial Rotation toward mid o Inversion foot toward midline o Adduction towards midline o Extension increasing angle o Supination palm anterior o Lateral Rotation away mid o Eversion foot away midline The Bony Skeleton o Axial consists of the bones of the head and trunk o Appendicular consists of bones of the limbs and supporting pectoral and pelvic girdle o Musculoskeletal Development Lecture 2 February 4 2019 Embryological germ layers o Ectoderm central nervous system and peripheral nerves o Mesoderm connective tissue including bone cartilage dentin cementum o Endoderm gut Paraxial mesoderm area of mesoderm in neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube Somites o Cube of mesoderm in which the neural tube is derived o Concentrated segmented sections of paraxial mesoderm that line the neural tube o Each somite is associated with a spinal nerve and has 3 components sclerotome bone myotome muscle and dermatome skin Somatopleuric mesoderm pulled out into the developing limb bud to form the skeletal and muscular components of the limbs Endochondral ossification bones are preceded by cartilage precursors called cartilage models Mesenchyme loosely organized mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue which develops into connective and skeletal tissues including blood and lymph o Starts process of endochondral ossification can differentiate o Gives rise to cartilage cells the mesenchyme that was around this area differentiates into a membrane called the perichondrium Perichondrium o Mesenchymal membrane that develops around cartilaginous model o 2 layers 1 outer fibrous layer 2 inner layer chondrogenic can make cartilage o Becomes periosteum which has blood supply Periosteum after perichondrium becomes vascularized it is known as the periosteum Osteocyte mature bone cell o Osteoctyes are formed when osteoblasts bone producing cells become trapped in the body matrix they are secreting Periosteal bud vascular connective tissue bud from the perichondrium that enters the cartilage of a developing long bone and contributes to the formation of a center for ossification Diaphysis primary center of ossification shaft of long bones Membranous intramembranous ossification ossification of flat bones Epiphysis secondary center of ossification ends of long bones o Ossify by deposition on tissue within an embryonic connective tissue membrane o Skull mandible clavicle o Fibrous membrane ossification center trabeculae Diploe spongy bone inside skull o Arthrology Fibrous Joints immoveable joints connected by ligaments o Syndesmosis connects 2 bones by ligament ex Styloid process of skull to hyoid distal fibula tibia o Suture joints between bones of the skull held together with very short interconnecting fibers fine membrane between flat bones of neurocranium that interdigitate o Gomphosis fiber between alveolar bone and root of tooth periodontal ligament holds Cartilaginous Joints connected entirely by cartilage and allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than synovial joints o Synchondrosis almost immovable joint between bones bound by a layer of cartilage o Symphysis secondary cartilaginous joint that is permanent and slightly moveable them in place vertebrae pubic symphysis Synovial Joints freely movable connected with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of joined bones and consists of two layers 1 outer fibrous membrane 2 inner synovial membrane o Plane gliding bones with articulating surfaces that are flat or slightly curved Acromioclavicular sternoclavicular intercarpal intertarsal vertebrocostal sacro iliac o Ginglymus hinge slightly rounded end of one bone fits into slightly hollow end of other bone Elbow knee ankle interphalangeal joints o Trochoid pivot rounded end of one bone fits into ring formed by another bone Atlas axis proximal radio ulnar joints o o Ellipsoid Condylar oval shaped end bone fits into similarly oval shaped hollow of other Radiocarpal metacarpophalangeal 2 5 metatarsophalangeal joints o Sellar saddle ends of each bone resemble a saddle concave and convex portions fit bone together o Spheroid ball and socket rounded ball like end of bone fits into cuplike socket of First carpometacarpal joints other bone Shoulder hip joints o Myology muscle tissue Myotome each muscle in the body is supplied by a particular level or segment of the spinal cord and by its corresponding spinal nerve o Epaxial division Dorsal Primary Ramus o Hypaxial division Ventral Primary Ramus o Typically in areas of stress o Found in the foot patella in the knee Sesamoid bone small independent bone or bony nodule developed in a tendon Fascia a flat band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues and separates different layers of tissue fat Aponeurosis a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment Classes of Levers o Class I insertion of muscle is situated posteroinferior to the fulcrum and resistance o Class II insertion of muscle is situated posterosuperior to the resistance and fulcrum o Class III insertion of muscle is situated between the fulcrum and the resistance o Brachial Plexus Primate Classification Lecture 3 February 11 2019 Central Nervous System CNS brain and spinal