Key terms + Ideals:3 Theories (WK 1)1) Structural Functionalism (Davis + Moore) (Macro)- Parts of society and how it functions (economy, family, education, gender, legalsystem)- One part affects another (dependent functions)2) Influence by Karl Marx (micro)- Society as a struggle between two class groups (haves and have nots)- Scarce resources that may change over time (Land, natural resources)3) Symbolic interactionism (micro)- Understanding symbols are key to understanding a societySocietal construction - society giving something meaning- Things we construct in society (institutions, reality)Sociological imagination (cw mills) - understanding the intersection of history and biography- How society and the larger social forces of history impact your individual behaviorPatricia Hill (intersectionality)Marx:Modes vs means: The means are the land, labor, factory, and capital used to produce.The mode is the particular combination of the means and relations to produceRelation of production: People sell their labor power in order to liveWright:Negotiating a line between Marx and Vaber, used Marx to help understand the contemporaryworldThe labor work that fuels this capitalist society is now fundamentally different- The capitalist need laborers to need labor (unpacks the 20th century + 21st century eraof working)100 years after Marx, focuses on the middle class and their place in society (particularly US)- The exploitative oppressor: needs someone to oppress (capitalists)- The non-exploitative oppressor would rather have no one there (genocide)Wright believes there’s a growing middle class due to the differing ideas of labor- A group of people who don’t fit into the bourgeoisie or proletariat (Petty Bourgeoisie)- Wright argues that it’s a large percentageweber:Economics really matter- But there’s more than ownership and means of production- Income doesn’t necessarily decide class-3 P’s- Power, property, prestigeClass Economic Component (money accumulation)- Status (social esteem) : inherited as achieved, notoriety, education, money (sometimes)Party- Ideological similarities (green party, trade unions, etc.)Income: money coming inCapital: something you have that can be used (leveraged) to get other things- Economic capital: money (can include wealth)- Human capital: skills and ability- Social capital: networking/ connections- Cultural capital: Knowledge of high cultureStratificationTypes/ Forms- Slavery (ownership) (closed form)- Estate (european feudalism) (closed form)- Caste (hinduism) (closed form)- Class (open form of stratification)Open Stratification makes room for mobility- Intergenerational - parents to children- Intra-generational - within one generation ( Rise to fame, high accumulation of wealth)- Structural (macro-concept) - shift in society (industrial revolution, abolishment of slavery,pandemics)Functions of Stratification:Two motivations at two different levels: to instill in the proper individuals the desire to fill certainpositions, and, once in these positions, the desire to perform the duties attached to them. Theirabsorption into the positional system must somehow be arranged and motivatedA competitive system gives greater importance to the motivation to achieve positions.1. Sustenance and comfort2. Contribution to humor and diversion3. Contribute to self-respect and ego expansion (largely a function of the opinion of others)In any social system all three kinds of rewards must be dispensed differentially according topositions (the rights and perquisites of different positions in a society must be unequal)Readings WK 1 + 2:Intersecting Oppressions:Intersectionality: A particular way of understanding social location in trms of crisscross systemsof oppression- An “analysis claiming that systems of race, social class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity,nation, and age form mutually constructing features of social organization, which shapeBlack women’s experiences and, in turn, are shaped by Black women” ( Collins, 2000, p.299).Weber’s concern was to find the complications that status and power brought to Marx’s idea ofstratification.- Class consciousness and social change are more difficult to achieve than Marx firstthought: status group affiliation and differences in power create concerns that overrideclass issues (race may be more important than class for two racially distinct familiesliving below the poverty line)Simmel was concerned with how modern living in cities created different kind of friendshippatters.- Rural settings had “organic” relationships, while in modern urban settings, they had“rational” group membership patterns (people choose apart from pre-existing members)- Rational group members tend to see themselves as uniqueCollins is concerned with how the influence of intersectionality create different lived experiencesand social realities.- Like weber she wants to know how they create different inequalities- The matrix of domination: overall organization of power in societyFirst, any specific matrix has a particular arrangement of intersecting systems of oppression.Just what and how these systems come together is historically and socially specific. Second,intersecting systems of oppression are specifically organized through four interrelated domainsof power: structural, disciplinary, hegemonic, and interpersonal.The hegemonic domain links the structural, disciplinary, and interpersonal domains. It is madeup of the language we use, the images we respond to, the values we hold, and the ideas weentertain. And it is produced through school curricula and textbooks, religious teachings, massmedia images and contexts, community cultures, and family histories.Collins’ approach also has other important implications. Her ideas of intersectionality and thematrix of domination challenge many of our political assumptions. Black feminist epistemology,for example, challenges our assumptions concerning the separation of the private and publicspheres. What it means to be a mother in a traditional black community is very different than ina white community: “Black women’s experiences have never fit the logic of work in the publicsphere juxtaposed to family obligations in the private sphere” (Collins, 2000, p. 228).Intersectionality also challenges the assumption that gender stratification affects all women inthe same way; race and class matter, as does sexual identity.Davis and moore (functionalism):Inequality by Design:Some laws widen