biology the study of life properties of life cellular organization homeostasis metabolism responsiveness haredity growth reproduction cellular organization basic structure of all cells is the same homeostasis insides work to stay the same while the outside changes metabolism all reactions that keep an organism alive and use energy responsiveness react haredity passing of traits growth changing developing getting bigger nine fields of biology biochemistry ecology botany zoology phisiology evolutionary theory microbiology genetics cell biology biochemistry chemicals ecology interactions botany plants zoology animals phisiology human body evolutionary theory change microbiology the smallest forms of life genetics passing of traits cell biology cells parts of an atom proton neutron electron proton where and charge ion an atom or group of atoms that have an electric charge because it gained or lost an electron nucleus positive neutron where and charge nucleus neutral electron where and charge outer shells negative ionic bond giving and recieving electrons covalent sharing electrons polar uneven sharing of electrons polar molecules and water can dissolve in water non polar equal sharing of electrons non polar molecules and water cannot dissolve in water four properties that make water unique ice floats water absorbs and retains heat cohe sion adhesion cohesion attraction between substances of the same kind to stick to one another adhesion attraction between substances of a different kind organic compound 2 other names carbon compound biomolecule organic compound definition makes up all living things four organic compounds carbohydrates proteins lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates building block sugar proteins building block amino acids lipids building block fat nucleic acids building block nucleotides enzyme protein that speeds up biochemical reactions hydrogyn bond positive charged hydrogyn with a negative charged molecule cell size the smaller the better cell shape Shape reveals function DNA in prokaryotes circular DNA in eukaryotes linear four structures that all cells share cytoplasm DNA ribosomes cell membrane cell theory 3 all living things are made up of one or more cells cells are the basic units of structure adn function in organisms al cells arise from existing cells organelle a structure that carries out specific activities in side the cell ribosomes site of protein synthesis smooth ER break down toxic substances and makes lipids rough ER forms vesicles around proteins golgi apparatus packages and sorts proteins mitochondria makes ATP chloroplast creates photosynthesis cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell nucleus produces ribosomeses structure of the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer concentration gradient more molecules on one side of the membrane than the other osmosis diffusion of water across the cell membrane hypertonic water comes in and cell shrinks and dies hypotonic water goes out and cell gets bigger and dies isotonic water goes in and out at the same rate 4 membrane proteins cell surface markers receptor proteins enzymes transport proteins cell surface markers name tag of the cell receptor proteins senses surroundings and reiceves messages enzymes helps with biochemical reactions transport proteins movement into and out of the cell passive transport requires no energy with flow active transport requires energy against flow 2 types of active transport vesicles pumps vesicle active transport sac that moves substances against concentration pump active transport carrier protein that moves substances against con centration gradient 2 types of passive transport simple and facilitated diffusion simple diffusion passive transport passes directly through the membrane facilitated diffustion passive transport uses transport proteins photosynthesis breaking down of organic compounds ATP energy currency where photosynthesis occurs thylakoid membrane photosynthesis pigment chlorophll rate of photosynthesis light intensity CO2 concentration temperature light intensity R O P more light more photosynthesis CO2 concentration R O P more CO2 more photosynthesis Temperature R O P extreme temperatures slow rate first ETC of photosynthesis forms oxygen and ATP second ETC of photosynthesis forms NADPH calvin cycle converts CO2 to sugar cellular respiration building of glucose into usable ATP fermentation recycles NAD gene segment of DNA 5 parts of the cell cycle G1 S G2 Mitosis cytokinesis G1 cell grows builds organellees continue carrying regular functions G2 continues to grow forms structures for cell divi sion S dna is copied mitosis divides nucleus cytokinesis cytoplasm divides G1 checkpoint condition health and size are checked G2 checkpoint mistakes in DNA proteins check that cell is large enough to divide mitosis checkpoint ensures that genetic material is evenly distributed 3 reasons why cells divide growth and developement repairing injuries maintainence of larger cells DNA structure double helix shape where sister chromatids are held together centromere prophase mitosis chromosomes begin to condense metaphase mitosis chromosomes line up along the equator anaphase mitosis chromosomes to opposite poles telophase mitosis chromosomes uncoil end result of mitosis 2 genetically identical cells cytokinesis in plants vesicles line up across the middle of the cells cytokinesis in animals pinched in half by belt of protien threads reproduction the process of producing offspring asexual reproduction single parent passes complete copy of its genetic infor to each of its offspring sexual reproduction two parents produce offspring that are genetically different from their parents human gamete number 23 human somatic cell number 46 autosome doesnt have genes that determine the sex of an in dividual sex chromosomes genes that determine the sex of an individual haploid nuber one set of chromosomes dipolid number a set of 2 haploids 4 asexual reproduction binary fission fragmentation budding parthenogenesis binary fission organisms split in half fragmentation body breaks to several pieces budding individuals spilt off from existing ones parthenogenesis female makes a viable egg that grows into an adult with out being fertilized by a male crossing over homoogous chromosomes exhange genetic mate rial male gamete formation spermatogenesis female gamete formation oogenesis homologous chromosoes similar in shape and shape dominant expressed allele recessive not expressed test