Tuesday February 18 y AFAS WEEK 2 Africa s prehistory geography of Africa dominated by plateau east and southern more than 1000m above sea level north and west plains mainly climate and vegetation equitorial tropical N and S of equator Mediterranean veg depends on mean annual rainfall human habitation dynamic relationship between humans and environment history of occupation based on 2 theories traditions myth of origin people at their origin stories folklores migration creation stories to mythical past migration stories to later periods evolution 1871 charles darwin said Africa to be center of human origin archaeological and paleontological research in last 80yrs support this 2000 human genome project sequence of 3 1 billion subunits of DNA in 23 pairs of chromosomes evo history of primate extends to 70 80 million year ago 60 mil yr ago trends in N S america europe asia africa apes and monkeys in africa 23 mil yr ago hominids evolve 4 8 mil yr ago earliest evidence in E africa middle Stone Age 1 Tuesday February 18 y 200 000 yr ago spear shaft construction natural pigment for art fire controlled later Stone Age 40 000 yr ago mircolithic technology bow and arrow gathering and herding food production during later stone ago certain plants and animal in certain regions sickle blade for harvest Iron Age iron tech entered Africa from Middle East flourished in certain areas Christianity with romans 4th century AD Islam took over in 7th century AD WEEK 3 time line Ancient Egyptian civilization Egypt and the nile valley 2000 yr ago Herodotus there is no country that possess so many wonders 3500 3000 bc predynastic period 3000 2686 bc early dynastic period 2686 2150 bc old kingdom 2150 2050 bc 1st intermediate period 2050 1750 bc middle kingdom 1750 1570 bc 2nd intermediate period 1570 1070 bc new kingdom 1070 716 bc 3rd intermediate period 716 332 bc late period people of nile valley attracted proto humans an human groups 2 Tuesday February 18 y foragers roamed in beginning global climate and environmental changes start in 10 000 bc deglaciation in Europe increase rainfall in Africa pluvial period then decrease rainfall Africa desertification of sahara inhabitants of sahara move west due to climate change neolithic revolution and sedentary life further increased pop social complexity nation states become dominant in global culture political units now claim sovereignty and command allegiance records start 6000 yr ago but started before 6000 4000 bc settlements along nile control of annual nile flood basis of Egyptian civilization increased competition for resources increase potential for conflict Neolithic Stone Age revolution led to specialization 3000 bc birth of Egyptian state and civilization Pharaoh narmer menes religion Ka and afterlife architecture animal and plant domestication irrigation technology astronomy WEEK 4 Boahen The Sundanese states and empires The Rise of Mali pg 62 overthrew susu kingdom then ghana started as small madingo mande chieftaincy called kangaba capital was jeriba kangaba was completed by 10th cenetury first ruler converted to islam Barmandana did pilgrimage to mecca all successors did the pilgrimage was run by islamic principles 3 Tuesday February 18 y people of kangaba made living by agriculture and trade mali controlled gold producing regions political conditions of other neighboring nations were horrible Sundiata seized Kangaba s throne in 1234 Sumanguru was killed at battle of Kirina in 1235 sundiata continued occupied ghana in 1240 sundiata greaat conquerer and administrator divided into provinces sundiata died in 1255 successor was his son Mansu mali ruled 15 yrs 1255 1270 said to be greatest king Mansu kankan musa mansa sulayman Mansu Musa of Mali pg 64 Mali s great rise to fame came between 1307 1359 with most famous reigned 1307 1337 more known about him than any other king politics built sys of gov expanded boundaries established friendly relations with other african states captured Walata Timbuktu 14 provinces in Mali great commerical economy salt producing and gold dirstricts in control main centers in mali Niani Timbuktu Gao cowries white shells and bartering used for trade people were wealthy and lived lavishly religious cared for his people spiritual well being pilgrimage through Cairo to Mecca 1324 1325 100 camel loads of gold 500 slaves to carry staffs of gold 4 lbs each generous in Cairo and Mecca that he ran out of money 4 depressed gold value in Egypt and price fell they gave out so much returned to mali with want to purify and strengthen islam promote edu spanish architect poet scholar Abu Ishaq Ibrahim As Sahili Tuwajjin Tuesday February 18 y came back from Mecca with him 5 pillars of islam to be observed mosques built with help from As Sahili Mali Empire geography savannah region ideal for grain production control westernmost trans saharan trade route early history started as polity of Madingo people Kangaba kingdom spoke Mande language former state of Ghana powerful kingdom in 13th century trans saharan trade agricultural good mineral resources gold salt 3 commerical centers timbuktu gao jenne sundiata 1234 1255 defeated sumanguru in 1235 conquered gold producing regions to south mansa kankan musa 307 1337 muslim went on pilgrimage 1324 1325 lavish scale 100 camel loads of gold 500 servants for gold staff generous on way 5 Tuesday February 18 y attracted skilled man power efficient administration judicial sys based on islamic principles strong cavalry soldiers on horse back fall of mali decline set in by 1360s interal probs and external threat dynatic disputes weak administration external agression mossi to N tuaregs to S rise of Songhai to E Asante Empire geography early history emerged in late 17th century as powerful kingdom located between forest and savannah regions Volta Pra Ofin basins founded by Oyoko clan each social and political unit constituting an oman unpopular ruler Denkyira cultural homogeneity an hatred for Denkyira platforms for unity Obiri Yeboa founding ruler dies in 1670s Osei Tutu 1670s 1717 assisted by Chief Priest Okomfo Anokye unified members of Oyoko clan made Kumasi capital made Golden Stool symbol of nation started Odwira festival made strong military Opoku Ware grand nephew of Osei Tutu last of great rulers poltical organization political authority replicated at each level 6 Tuesday February 18 y indirect rule in tributary provinces fall of asante empire weakness of central and provincial admin british
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