Geography 100 Final Study Guide 12 12 2011 Latitude Longitude Parallels Run North to South Meridians Position East to West Prime Meridian to 180o Continental Drift Theory The idea that the earth s continent s move relative to each other Plate Movement o Diverging Widening oceans and rift valleys o Converging o Lateral Mountains and Volcanoes are formed Transform faults causes earthquakes Relief Height and shape of land Natural Resources Naturally occurring materials that human societies use to maintain living systems and build environments o Example water minerals rocks wood Resources importance change over time depending upon what importance humans give them Nonrenewable o No longer available after use Renewable o Naturally replenished through earth s natural process of recycling it Increasing interconnection among people and places throughout the o Technology shrinks the world Spreads people and ideas extremely fast Globalization world Localization Re emphasis on long established local identities economies and cultures Reaction to globalization o Want to maintain distinctive identities Religion Organized set of practices that try to explain our existence and purpose on earth o 4 Main Religions claiming 1 5 th of the worlds population Ethnicity Characterized by a group of people who share common Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism o Origin o Religion o Language o Territory o Ancestral Homeland State vs Nation Nation o Imaginary community Politicized ethnic group People believe themselves to share common cultural features State Nationalism o An area with set boundaries and governing body o The desire of a nation to have its own self governing state Nation and State together Sectors of Economy Primary Sector o Harvesting raw materials from natural sources Fish timber coal oil metals Secondary Sector o Manufacturing and Construction Adds value to raw materials Tertiary Sector o Service Industry Support industries tourism retail etc Europe Alps 12 12 2011 Active Mountain Building Zone Many peaks above 13 000 ft o Mt Blanc 15 771 ft Along Italian French Switzerland Austria Border Mediterranean Sea Europe s most defining physical feature o Home to many ancient cultures o Economy booster o Climate Affects all of Europe but mostly Italy France and Spain Similar to California o Suez Canal Connects Mediterranean and Red Sea Marketing between Europe and Asia Continentality Especially cold winters and hot summers resulting from locations on landmasses that are far from the moderating effects of large water bodies such as oceans o i e U S Midwest and North Middle of Europe Major European Language Families Romance Language o Legacy of Roman Empire o Italian French Spanish Portugese Germanic Language o Germanic Tribes o English German Dutch and Scandinavian Languages o Fringe of Roman Empire Slavic Language o Eastern European and Russian Languages European Colonialism Europe was not a major player on the world scene before The first global colonialism Initial Motivations o Alternative trade routes to Asia o Mercantilism Spain England France Portugal Italy Denmark Why Europe Netherlands o Location o Advanced Technology o Strong legal system o Diseases Impacts of Colonialism o Idea of European Unity o Expansion of capitalism and European Ideals o Colonies become economically independent o Europe overcomes ecological limitations o Decimation of worldwide indigenous populations Industrial Revolution Period in 18th 19th century which saw tremendous growth in human population and economy Origins in mechanization of Britain s textile industry o Spread to Netherlands Belgium Northern France and Western Germany o Later idea traveled worldwide Colonialism played a major role in the Industrial Revolution IR due to lack of resources in Europe o Expanded to claim more resources Significance o Steam driven engines o Use of refined coal for smelting iron o Development of transportation o Revolutionize trade and mobility o Urbanization Movement of large amounts of people into smaller areas cities i e creation of factories during IR o Gentrification The movement of higher income groups to occupy and improve residences in older and poorer parts of cities NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization U S and European countries other than USSR Created to counter Soviet Union Now its use is to settle disputes within the expanded Europe o Russia is now a part of it European Union Created to have a common market in which goods capital people and services moved freely among counties In 2002 12 of 15 members adopted the Euro as major currency o Supposed to allow free movement of labor capital and goods to strengthen business and allow greater opportunities for consumers to by the best products at the lowest prices Supranationalism o The idea that differing nations can cooperate so closely for their shared mutual benefit that they can share the same government economy social policies and even military o Pros o Cons Creates unity throughout Europe Supports countries in need Needy countries drain the successful ones Loss of individual countries decisions that would only benefit themselves Russia Lake Baikal 12 12 2011 Oldest lake in the world 25 million years Deepest lake in the world 5 600 ft Holds 20 of the world s unfrozen water Ural Mountains Arbitrary boundary between Europe and Asia 2 000 miles long Folded low mountain range Elevation 1 000 to 5 000 ft Taiga Climate Coniferous forest World s largest forested area Slow Growing Important Carbon dioxide filter Tundra Climate Grasses and low growing shrubs Permafrost o Groundwater permanently frozen o Settlement Construction difficult Natural Resources o Oil o Natural Gas o Timber o Coal o Very High Mineral Wealth Russia s Ethnic Diversity Over 100 Ethnic Groups Great mixture of o Ethnicity o Nationality o Language o Culture Eastern Slavs o Russians Ukrainians Belarusians o Eastern Orthodox influence o Belarus looks East Ukraine looks West Southern Caucasus o Georgians Armenians Azerbaijanis o Many language families present o Historical Crossroads o Russian Empire o Religion Christianity Georgia and Armenia from 300 AD on Islam Azerbaijan Russian Revolution Bolsheviks Red o Led by Vladimir I Lenin o Russian communists o Represented the working class Mensheviks White o Sought a more Western liberal future Red and White armies battled o Both fought against the Czar Czar Nicholas II and family killed on July 17 1918 Several Causes of the Revolution o Russia was late to