Chapter 1 Communication the process participants use to exchange information ideas needs and desires not necessarily through fixed symbols and rules Speech verbal means of communication Subset of communication Language socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols o Subset of communication o rule governed o the meaning and the symbols employed is an arbitrary one o however the rules are not arbitrary underlying rules that occur repeatedly Language evolves grows and changes Obsolete old words or words that are no longer in use borrowed words Dialects varieties of language dialects use similar but not identical rules Extralinguistic elements o paralinguistic mechanisms loudness pitch etc they convey emotions and grammar feelings o nonlinguistic cues gestures and facial expressions o metalinguistic skills the ability to talk about language analyze it think about it judge and see it as an entity from its content Properties of language o generative system a productive and creative skill finite number of rules syntax morphology speakers can create an almost infinite number of sentences Use new sentences every day and are understood learn the rules that govern these combinations o Linguistic competence a language users underlying knowledge about the system o Linguistic performance linguistic knowledge in actual stage most of what mature speakers say is ungrammatical Components of language o Form morphology internal organizations of words a morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit Free and Bound Morphemes Free vs Bound Morphemes derivational morphemes change the class of meaning of words Mad ly adverb Mad ness noun inflectional morphemes change the state or increase the precision of the free morpheme syntax rules specify phrase and clause order sentence organization and relationships between words word classes and other sentence elements o Content grammar or syntax phonology the aspect of language concerned with rules governing the structure distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables Phonemes smallest linguistic unit of sound aspirated and unaspirated stops t d sound sequences and distributions snew sdew ngew semantics a system of rule governing the meaning or content of words word knowledge is based on world knowledge concept of dog mental representation not a particular type of dog Also includes lexicon personal mental dictionary pragmatics use the way language is used to communicate how much to whom o semantic features aspects of the meaning that characterize the words o synonyms similar meanings talk speak ect o antonyms words that differ only in the opposite value i e up vs down o direct vs indirect requests answer the phone direct could you answer o literal vs non literal interpretation i m tired literal just what I needed the phone indirect more work non literal o Use Semantics Pragmatics Appendix C and pp 89 95 The newborns o reflexes automatic involuntary motor pattern reflexive sounds fussing crying o quasi resonant nuclei QRN vowel like sounds with brief consonantal elements not full consonants or vowels Birth to 12 months o fully resonant nuclei FRN 5 6 sounds similar to a o reduplicated babbling CV syllable repetition mamamama 7 12 months o variegated babbling long strings of non identical syllables ba wa wa ma o echolalia immediate limitation of some other speaker 7 12 months Chapter 7 o characteristics of babbling strings of sounds that infants produce single syllable units CV or longer o jargon long strings intelligible sounds with adult like stress patterns o phonetically consistent forms PCF functions as a word for an infant but not on adult forms o first meaningful words at 12 months single word utterances words phonetic relationship to adult word o used consistently o must occur in the presence of a referent o first word single 12 18 months o No syntax intentions o requesting labeling answering greeting repeating etc initial lexicon phonology o phonological shape CV CVCV etc o category of words nominals nouns around 60 action words verbs 40 overextension overgeneralization kitty becomes dogs cats giraffe underextension the use of words with a restricted meaning cup for child s cup only multiword combinations o approximate age 18 months o transitions from single word utterances reduplications two words learned o transitions from single word utterances still continue to babble and use as a single unit all gone jargon and single word utterances gesture speech combinations consistant or inconsistant syllables that have no referent phonological patterns in early words o typical syllable structures CV CVCV etc o phonemes that are common in early words open vs closed syllable o open syllables that end in a vowel o closed syllables that end in a consonant common phonological processes o reduplication doggie doggie o epenthesis addition of one or more sounds to a word o consonant cluster reduction tree to ti consonant clusters reduced to a single consonant spoon to pun one or more consonant are deleted from a cluster Chapter 2 pp 44 53 experimental methods sampling spontaneous conversation longitudinal study naturalness and representativeness of the data o factors affecting the naturalness collection procedures o diary checklists etc o audio taping video taping written transcription within the collection setting analysis procedures o transcription Chapter 8 child conversational skills o 2 year olds are able to respond to the partners and engage in short dialogues 3 year olds can engage longer 5 year olds 50 can sustain for about 12 turns register different styles of speaking motherese infant directed role play play as mother or doctor contingent queries clarification question to continue I went to the store Reply When ect topic the content o Age 2 maintains a in 2 utterances o Repetition is used to fill turns presupposition assumptions about the listeners knowledge o by age three children are able to tell the amount of information the listener needs directives and requests indirect vs direct o Indirect Forms a question Could you would you o Direct Starts with a verb Stop that go there 2 3 use please 4 skilled with indirect 6 are indirect 42 52 months deictic terms from the speakers point of view o Here there this that and other pronouns narratives o definition an uninteruppted stream of language o centering revolves around a
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