Final Exam Review Chapter 8 Stratification and Social Mobility in the U S Social mobility Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society s stratification system to another Types of social mobility o Horizontal moving in jobs but staying in the same social class o Vertical people can move to a higher or lower social class o Intergenerational following one person through his her career lifetime o Intragenerational social position changes within person s adult life o Structural o Exchange o Circulation Social class and life chances Poverty o Absolute the inability to afford minimal standards of food clothing shelter o Relative Floating standard by which people at the bottom of a society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole Feminization of poverty since world war two there has been an increasing proportion on poor women in the United States Welfare reform PRWORA the personal responsibility and work opportunity o The welfare reform required all recipients to have a job after two years of being o 5 years lifetime limit for welfare payments some problems associated with reconciliation Act 1996 on welfare people on welfare Chapter 9 Global Inequality Inequality of resources in the world Wallerstein the world systems theory core nations semi periphery periphery Modernization theory less developed countries are moving toward a more developed and urbanized societies mortality o Less developed nations rural population large total population high infant Colonialism the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically Neocolonialism the use of economic political cultural or other pressures to control or influence other countries especially former dependencies Globalization worldwide integration of government policies cultures social movements and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas Multinational Corporations Commercial organizations whose headquarters are in one country but they are doing business throughout the world o Total revenue of multinational businesses on par with total value of goods and services exchanged in entire nations o Over 10 of U S goods and services relates to exports to foreign countries o Multinational corporations help developing nations through jobs and industry maximum advantage of technology while reducing costs and boosting profits make nations more interdependent and less likely to enter conflict conflict view on multinational corporations o multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits o Investment by multinationals initially contributes to host nations wealth Brazil distribution of wealth and income o Brazil is 3 nations in one Rich Country about 34 million people Poor Country about 111 million people Indigents the totally impoverished about 40 million people Race Relations in Mexico The Color Hierarchy o Subordinate status of Mexico s Indians one reflection of nations color hierarchy o 90 live in a house without a sewer or running water Social class linked to appearance of racial purity Widespread denial of prejudice and discrimination against people of color Marked growth in last decade of organizations and associations for rights in Mexico of indigenous Indians Mexico the color hierarchy criollos mestizos Mexican Indians Borderlands areas of common culture that line eachother o For example The border of Mexico and the U S Maquiladoras a factory in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company These factories do not have to pay taxes or provide benefits to workers Chapter 10 Racial and Ethnic Inequality Racial Group physical distinction between groups of people This is biological Ethnic Group groups set apart from each other primarily because of its national orgin or cultural differences Minority Group These are groups of people who have significantly less control or power over their own lives o Unequal treatment o Distinguishing cultural characteristics o Involuntary membership o Solidarity o In group marriage o Hispanic Population about 60 o Asian Population about 5 If we continue with the same level of immigration and same level of birth in different groups whites will become a minority Prejudice Vs Discrimination o Prejudice an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge thought or reason o Discrimination treatment or consideration of or making a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing based on the group class or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit Individual Discrimination negative treatment of one person by another Institutional Discrimination Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individual groups resulting from the normal operations of society o Active Bigot Prejudice person who discriminates o Timid Bigot Prejudice person who does not discriminate o Fair Weather Liberal Non prejudice person who discriminates o All Weather Liberal Non prejudice person who doesn t discriminate The Contact Hypothesis interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudice and to abandon old stereotypes Theories of prejudice and discrimination o Psychological theories Frustration and Scapegoats J Dollard Frustration scapegoat o Authoritarian Personality Theory Adorono 1950 o Sociological Theories o Functionalism prejudice is functional o Conflict theory groups are divided Marx o Split labor market theory E Bonacich Insecure conformities prejudice people Employers Higher priced laborers discriminate against lower priced laborers o Symbolic Interactionism Labels we learn affect the way we see people labels selective perception Contact hypothesis interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudice and to abandon old stereotypes Patterns of intergroup relations o Global Patterns of Inter Group Relations o Genocide o Population transfer Indirect or direct o Internal Colonialism o Segregation o Amalgamation melting pot bringing many groups together into one A B C D o Assimilation groups all follow the dominate group A B C A o Pluralism Multiculturalism A B C A B C African Americans The Civil Rights Movement o 13th amendment abolished slavery o 14th amendment equal rights under law o 15th amendment gave blacks the right to vote
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