I Causes of the First World War A The Ottoman empire started to come apart B End of the 19th century 1 1875 a Germany unified for the first time to threaten the balance of power 2 As the Ottomans lose power in the Balkans other powers Austria and Russia started to acquire that land a This would completely disrupt the balance of power C Beginning of the 20th century 1 The Balkan Wars a 1908 Austrians annex Bosnia 1 Russia was worried a Tried to get all the Balkan states to come together b 1912 Balkan League Created 1 Created by the Russians as a defense alliance 2 BUT it turned into an aggressive alliance c 1912 13 First Balkan War 1 Ottoman vs Montenegro Bulgaria Serbia Greece a Within 4 months took all the territory and split it up 2 Bulgarians were upset thought they deserved more d 1913 Second Balkan War 1 Bulgaria Ottoman Empire vs Serbia Greece a Tried to get more land for Bulgaria b No one got what they wanted i Political Repercusions 1 Bulgarian states started to gravitate towards Austria 2 Russia lost Bulgaria Austrians have annexed Bosnia only had Serbia left not much 3 Needed Serbia to have any influence in the region D German Ottoman Relationship 1 1871 Germans Unification a The Germans want colonies 2 1903 Beginning of construction on the Berlin Baghdad Railway a Germans and Ottomans were developing economic ties b Helping the Ottoman military advance 3 1913 Germans send a German general to train the Ottoman army a The Russians resist this 1 put pressure on Germany to stop this 2 Instead of removing the general they promoted him into a field marshal as a tricky solution to this problem b Put a German commander in charge of the straights to make it look like Germany is controlling Constantinople 1 False Ottomans just wanted the best to train them E Mobilization Plans 1 Russia France Britain Allied Triple Entente VS Germany Austria Hungary Allied a started to develop plans for potential war war a Did it with everything they had 1 German Schlieffen Plan Attack France first to prevent a two front b Wanted to knock out France completely in 3 weeks 2 Russian mobilization plan Mobilize behind the front and preserve options 2 1914 28th of June a Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand The Target b Gavrilo Princip The Assassin 1 The visit was to oversee some military choices 2 On the same day it was a celebration of a feast commemorating the assassination of an Ottoman Sultan a Bosnia 3 Serbian Nationalists thought that Bosnia should be apart of the Slavic states 4 Group of 6 Assassinations staked out to wait for a shot at the Archduke a 2nd Assassin screwed up threw a bomb that didn t explode in time b No one else took a shot at him because of the 2nd guy c Gavrilo Princip went to a sandwich shop to eat i Franz Ferdinand wanted to go to the hospital ended up at the deli ii Shot the archduke and his wife and they die in front of deli c Franz Ferdinand was going to be the Emperor of Austria 1 Austria and Serbia fight F The Outbreak of World War 1 1 23 July 1914 Austrian ultimatum to Serbia 2 28 July Austrians declare war on Serbia a Russians Mobilize b Germans Mobilize 1 Germans try to stop Russian mobilization 3 1 August Germany Declares War on Russia 4 3 August Germany Declares War on France 5 4 August Britain Declares War on Germany 6 6 August Austria Declares War on Russia G Timeline 1 2 August Ottoman German Alliance a The alliance said that they would come into the war on Germany s side b The Sultan doesn t sign c Germany and Ottomans do not create a contracted alliance 2 16 August German ships a Goeben and Breslau arrive in Istanbul 3 27 September Ottomans close the straights to Russian commercial traffic 4 29 October Goesben and Breslau attack Russian ports 5 2 November Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire H Gallipoli The Campaign at Sea 1 The British Plan Churchill a Take the Dardanelles Straight to open the war to Istanbul and create a line of supply to the Russians b Went forward with the plan 1 Disaster for the British I Timeline Gallipoli The Campaign on Land a Entente Forces looked down on the Ottomans 1 Australian and New Zealand Colonial Troops b Ottoman Forces 60 000 Turks under Mustafa Kemal 2 25 April 1915 The British Land at Gallipoli Kemal counter attacks 3 Late April Trench Warfare begins 4 19 May Ottomans attempt to break through 5 August Ottomans take high ground 6 October Bulgaria joins the war 7 December The entente forces pull out J Timeline 1 25 February 1915 Enver Pasha orders Armenian men to labor battalions Raiding of Armenian villages begins 2 April 1915 The city of Van refuses to turn over its men the Ottomans begin a siege 3 May 1915 Deportations of entire communities begins II Problems on the Ottoman Home Front A Ottoman Recruitment and requisitioning Policies 1 Allied Blockade 2 Plague of Locusts III Consequences A Famine and Disease B 25 of Ottoman Population died during the war 1 out of 4 IV CUP A Put Turkish as official language B Centralized power took away power of Arabs in provinces C Citizens changed to be ethnic Turk D All lead to increasing sentiments of Arab Nationalism E In the beginning present but not prominent F British encouraged this and contact Sharif Husayn near beginning of war 1 Sharif Husayn Prince of Mecca Possible Ally a From Hashimites Muhammad s family b 2 sons become kings of Arab states 1 Abdallah 2 Faysal 3 4 a early supporter before Arab Nationalism was cool hipster No love for the Ottomans Told British he wanted financial and political support in the war 2 Thought he d lead an Arab Uprising a Timeline 1 1915 1916 Husayn McMahon Correspondence a British would support b McMahon excluded some territories c Husayn turned this down but then changed his mind because of see below 2 May 1916 Djemal Pasha executes Arab leaders for treason 3 June 1916 Sharif Husayn declares the Arabs independent the Arab Revolt beings a This was when Husayn changed his mind b British sent advisors TE Lawrence Damascus a Also stationed a lot of forces in Iraq 4 Through 1918 The Arabs and the British take Jerusalem and 5 October 1918 The Ottomans sign the Murdros Armistice ending their participation in the war 3 WW1 is over a Arab nationalists are overjoyed b British had promised a lot of the territory to more than just the Arabs G Wartime Negotiations 1 Husayn McMahon Correspondence a Arabs to govern themselves independently 2 Provide motivation to stay in the war a Concerned about Russia in particular 1 The Constantinople Agreement a