Exam Mini essay look at midterm for Middle East ID 5 or 6 sentences explain the term first then give it context Then hit significance Semester Review ID Questions Balkan Wars Series of wars in 1910 s between Balkan States and Ottomans then in fighting over spoils of war Territory from Ottomans makes up the Balkans and separation shows that the Ottoman Empire is on its last leg Significance led to WWI Russia and Bulgaria s bad relationship assassination of Franz Ferdinand Pan Arabism Nationalistic movement to create one Arab state for all Arabic speaking people in the Middle East Economic views Socialism Anti Western outlook Emerged in post WWII 50 s and 60 s in Egypt with Nasser at the forefront Made Saudi Arabia and Iraq worried about counterpart revolutions Significance Creation of United Arab Republic between Syria and Egypt White Revolution In Iran pushed for by Mohammad Reza Shah In 1960 s land reform redistribute land from Ulama wealthy landlords to please poor people and weaken wealthy land owners Angers the Ulama and leads to Iranian Revolution Another component that aimed for women s rights that caused backlash Balfour Declaration 1910 s before the Paris Peace Conference Britain promised a homeland for the Jewish people Aimed at Zionists who wanted that homeland Consequences eventually successful in creation of Israel Yasser Arafat Leader of PLO political militant group that wants to create a single Palestinian state Arafat s role Originally in charge of Fatah which was a militant organization and the largest political party of the PLO He later became the head of the entire PLO Arafat exchanged letters with and then met with the Israeli Prime Minister Rabin in Washington DC Recognized Israel s right to exist Ayaltollah Khoheini Iran and Iranian Revolution Communicated with followers with cassette tapes from abroad was exiled to France for opposing White Revolution Also responsible for adding anti Western tinge to Iranian Revolution Ended up as Supreme Leader following the revolution Saddam Hussein Iraqi dictator authoritarian Had a secret police force that wasn t above torture and exiling Had a cult of personality via statues and murals propaganda Was a part in the Iran Iraq War Desert Storm First Gulf War and American invasion of Iraq Iraq invaded Iran to make Iraq the most powerful Arab country and usurp Egypt s previous role Iranian revolution threatened authoritarian secular regimes and Saddam thought by squashing the revolution he could save the whole Middle East from the threat of revolution Gulf War another aggression invaded Kuwait to reclaim due to slant drilling overproducing oil historic claims Mujahideen Most significant group was in Afghanistan Guerilla fighters with Islamist character started out against the Soviets Soviets invaded to preserve rickety Socialist state in Afghanistan and Mujahideen were resistance Osama bin Laden got his start in Mujahideen was recruiting and funding Armenian Genocide In Turkey by the Ottoman Empire Armenians primarily in Anatolia but deported to present day Iraq Armenians were persecuted under Abdul Hamid II in the Ottoman Empire concern in Ottoman government that Armenians would join the Russians Justification used to first imprison all the men in work battalions and deport women and children turned into death marches through the desert High attrition resulted in Armenian genocide Turkish government denies its existence and provides money for scholars who argue it doesn t Husayn McMahon Correspondence Led to Arab revolt against Ottomans Deal that Sharif Husayn and the British made Arabs would fight against Ottomans and would get independent Arab state of their own One of many promises made during WWI Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Founded modern Turkey after Ottoman collapse Pushed for reforms modern secular government western dress banned hats without a brim Involvement in Gallipoli campaign leader of successful Ottoman forces Zionism Jewish nationalism movement to establish homeland state for Jewish people Champion of Zionism Theodor Hertzel Wasn t about religion so much as ethnicity no theology behind it Bring together everyone with Jewish identity Resurrected Hebrew Modern Hebrew pioneered by Ben Yehuda White Paper 1939 Declaration from Britain that they d cut back the number of Jews allowed to immigrate to Palestine and in 10 years they d stop altogether if the Arab population agreed Happened because the British knew another war was coming and remembered the importance of the Arab revolt Appealing to the Arab population in hopes of getting help later but major bone of contention for Zionist movement Right of Return Palestinians who fled their homes in Israeli war of independence due to massacres After the war once Israel was established weren t allowed to return PLO s mission was to realize the Right of Return for their children and grandchildren to return to ancestral home Israeli War of Independence UN plan to solve question of Jewish homeland separation of Palestine into Israel and Palestine Violence between Arab and Jewish populations due to violent snatching up of territory by militant groups Physical hold on land was when country was declared then invaded by other Arab states Suez Crisis Nasser wanted Arab control of all businesses in the state and to nationalize the Suez Canal Egypt took control and canal company in charge pulled out all their people Egyptian pilots were able to keep the canal working and appeared to wind up in control Then the Israelis British and French plotted to by British and French protecting the Canal after Israel s invasion Nobody told the US so an oil embargo was placed on Britain Nasser resulted in victory and Egypt kept control of the dam Mohammad Mossadegh PM of Iran from 1951 1953 Similar to Nasser in that he nationalized the Anglo Iranian Oil Company Unlike Nasser wasn t successful Reflection of nationalist sentiment in Iran that wanted to see the Shah s power reduced Mossadegh created opposition by overreaching made laws on his own and alienated his supporters In response the CIA put together agents that encouraged people to demonstrate against him Also pretended to be his supporters and built up a bad reputation Paid off two groups to protest and then fight After the revolution the military put Mossadegh in prison Six Dar War Participants were Israel on one side Arab states Egypt Jordan Syria Iraq on the other Cause Israel led preemptive strike due to fear of invasion from Jordan