POLS 204 Lecture Institutions puzzles and road map what are institutions why do they exist why do institutions seem so real take them for granted what are the different purposes institutions serve how are they enforced length of time they last why do some change so rapidly unexpectedly why do some become democracies or dictatorships what are institutions rules information incentives that channel individual behavior into patterns of social order school is an institution Institutions information syllabus rules foster knowledge beliefs that motivate individuals into social patterns and social order cid 127 most individuals do not know each other but they know the rules institutios relay choices that others have made so that we can predict and act accordingly institutions and information about consequences associated with following breaking the rules anticipation and ability to adjust behavior Institutions Carrot and stick reward for following rules punishment for breaking rules Types of institutions Social conventions foot binding cid 127 moral ethical norms eye for an eye body of laws property rights cid 127 measure of time family structure ethnic categories political institutions cid 127 Male Circumcision ethnic data set The paradox of institutions human made they could be different they fade into the background channel preferences only persists if everyone agrees to keep abiding by the rules to conform the the expectations what i want my need to involve others and their wants work together to get what everyone wants i need to anticipate others in order to make sure i get what i want power cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 conflict of interest income ideology sector occupation age geography people dis agree taxation tariffs subsidies regulation cultural social policy support for programs aimed at different regions Informal vs formal institutions informal participation is voluntary socially shared unwritten un written rules communicated enforced without legal code or state village nation or religious group interact with government political gout Not behavioral regularities remove hat in church informal institution take jacket off in restrung behavioral regularity does not hurt or impact others being ostracized can be stronger than a law often subtle hidden or even illegal sanctions range from hostile remarks violence cid 127 Mob cid 127 Why are there informal institutions in politics rural areas more gentleman s agreements Formal institutions enforcing rules are out sourced to police etc cid 127 mind your own business haow are institutions enforced Sellf Enforced generally informal institutions participation is voluntary in my best interest 2 main types A those that don t hurt anyone make people better off B power hungry people 3rd party generally formal how do they emerge uncertianty causes people to group together with likeminded individuals cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 spontaneous evolve over time not intensional just works change via selective pressure without forethought result of trial and error individuals emulate reproduce what works competitive pressure cid 127 monogomy Intensional anticipated institutional engineers issues of self interest solve specific collective problems increse efficiency Stag Hunt want more efficiency game theory A those that don t hurt anyone make people better off institution could solve this problem share the same beliefs share goals can get trapped in a less efficient institution foot binding Functionalist Theory of institution Invisable hand theory share the stag equally distribution rule Conflict of interest power how to divide the stag decision making power key to life who gets to set the rules Partisan Institutions designed to give some actor an advantage institutions reflect political power Not the most efficient solutions Institutions lock in an uneven distribution of power cid 127 Why would weaker parties agree to institutions that are unfair want help to organize collective organizations they are better off under the institution informal institution Battle of the Sexes 3 possibilities How to drive a hard Bargain compel others to do mostly what you want whith out having them walk away from the table cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 127 cid 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