8 29 12 Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins and Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates ration of C H2 O Sugars starches cellulose Important fuel for living cells sugars and starches Important plant structural compound cellulose Monosaccharide simple sugar Glucose Fructose 6 Carbon compounds C6H12O6 Isomers identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms Glucose is a ring structure Glycolysis the process of breaking down glucose in the cell to create ATP Hypoglycemia glucose is too low Hyperglycemia glucose is too high Disaccharides two sugars Maltose 2 glucose Sucrose glucose and fructose Lactose glucose and galactose Milk sugar Alpha glycosidic bond bond between two glucose molecules Polysaccharides more than two sugars Held together by alpha glycosidic bonds Starches plant storage of carbohydrates The human body contains enzymes which can break these bonds Polymers of glucose Glycogen animal storage of carbohydrates stored in liver Glucose is too small and soluble for storage in the cell Cellulose most abundant carbohydrate cell wall of plants Beta glycosidic bonds cannot be broken Chitin polysaccharide cannot be broken down N acetylglucosamine Comes from glucose cannot be broken down in this form Insects arthropods crustaceans exoskeletons Functional groups Grouping of atoms that behave the same no matter what molecule it is a part of Alcohol hydroxyl R OH Methyl 8 29 12 saturated C C OH Amino group R NH2 Carboxyl R COOH Lipids Heterogeneous group Nonpolar No charge on either side Soluble in nonpolar solvents Important groups of lipids Triglycerides phospholipids carotenoids steroids waxes Triglycerides Most abundant lipid in living things Adipose tissue storage area for triglycerides A triglyceride consist of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids Fatty acid C OH Saturated fatty acid No double bonds Lard Crisco Unsaturated fatty acid Contains double bonds Oils other liquid states Phospholipids Important component of cell membranes Consist of glycerol organic base phosphate group one or two fatty acids Regions are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic Fatty acid portion of molecule Hydrophobic long chain portion of molecule Glycerol phosphate organic base portion of molecule Hydrophilic circular portion of molecule When placed in water the hydrophilic heads will surround and create a ring around the hydrophobic tails in the center that expel water In the cell they line up on the left and right sides with their tails towards the center in order to create a phospholipid bilayer Carotenoid Basic structure of the cell membrane Red and yellow Plant pigments Play a role in photosynthesis and in phototropism Carotene yellow pigment Vitamin A when your body breaks down carotene 8 29 12 Steroids Anabolic Four ring structured molecule R group determines the specific kind of steroid Cholesterol Bile salts Sex hormones Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Proteins Long polymers chains of amino acids peptides 20 different kinds commonly found in proteins Consists of amino group NH2 carboxyl group COOH R group Polypeptides peptide bond formation Also known as a condensation reaction Enzymes Some Hormones Important structural components of the cell Polypeptide Gly ala valine leucine cysteine methionine Protein contains a specific sequence of amino acids Insulin 1st proten to be sequenced Hemoglobin 574 amino acids Change one Sickle Cell Anemia disease Protein structure Stuck together by peptide bonds Primary structure sequence of amino acids Secondary structure coiling of the amino acid chain into an helix H bonding causes the helix or pleated sheet Tertiary structure folding of the molecule upon itself H bonding s s disulfide bridge Referred to as a globular arrangement Globular proteins Red dots inside the globular shape squiggly ball are hydrogen bonds that help to hold the shape as well as the disulfide bonds Denatured protein Shape Unfolds the tertiary structure No longer has a function when denatured Can be denatured by pH levels environmental factors temperature 8 29 12 Quaternary structure some proteins have subunits 4 subunits that are hooked together Example Hemoglobin Functions Enzymes hormones structural components of the cell and tissues One cell produces hundreds of different proteins Nucleic Acids Directs the cell Long chains of nucleotides Subunits o o o o o Pyrimidines cytosine thymine uracil Shaped like a benzene ring Small Purines adenine guanine RNA ribonucleic acid Many different kinds DNA deoxyribonucleic acid Repository for genetic information Nucleotide Shaped like a benzene ring with a pentagon on the right side Large Consists of a nitrogenous base pyrimidine or purine a five carbon sugar molecule ribose or deoxyribose and a phosphate RNA A G C U DNA A G C T DNA consists of two sugar phosphate backbones that are complementary to each other A T C G and bonded together by hydrogen bonds Adenine hydrogen bonds with Thymine twice Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine three times