Classical Mythology Exam 2 Review Key Words- Hamartia – Mistake- Oikos – Basic unit of Greek society—head, family, slaves. - Polis – A city/state- Aristeia – A moment of excellence - Kleos – Glory after death.o What is said about you after you die.- Arete – ‘Excellence’ - Geras – Prize (Why Achilles was angry)- Meinan – Wrath/Rage of a god-like nature (Achilles)- Libation – Honey, wine, water, and barley – associated with life and the body. - Hubris – Extreme Pride or self-confidence - Apotheosis – The glorification of a subject of divine level. The idea that an individual has been raised to a god-like stature. - Oedipus Tyrannus – Men cannot ignore the demands of the gods- Deinos – Wonderful, strange, frightening- Aplastos – Other name for ‘The Furies’ (Hesiod) - Pindar – Human flesh served to gods- Heroon – Hero Cult- Miasma – Moral Pollution- Matricide – The act of killing one’s mother.- Katabasis – The actual physical journey to the underworld undertaken by several heroes in Greek and Roman myth where they meet and talk with ghosts in the underworld. - Nekuia – “Rite by which ghosts were called up and questioned about the future”o When one can converse with a ghost with no actual trip to the underworld.- Aethiopis – The story that tells of the Trojan Allies and the death of Achilles.- Little Iliad – What happens after the death of Achilles and the Trojan horse- Ilioupersis – ‘Sack of Troy’- Nostoi – ‘Returns’- Telegony – Death of Odysseus- In medias res – ‘Into the middle of things’o Starting the Iliad during the tenth year of war. - Heirloom – Symbol of Status- Nestor – Agamemnons right arm for the war (Advisor)Important Characters- Circeo a goddess of magic (or sometimes a nymph, witch, enchantress or sorceress).o Circe worked at a huge loom.[4] She invited Odysseus' crew to a feast of familiar food, a pottage of cheese and meal, sweetened with honey and laced with wine, but also laced with one of her magical potions, and drunkfrom an enchanted cup.[5] Thus so she turned them all into swine with a wand after they gorged themselves on it. Only Eurylochus, suspecting treachery from the outset, escaped to warn Odysseus and the others who had stayed behind at the ships. Odysseus set out to rescue his men, but wasintercepted by the messenger god, Hermes, who had been sent by Athena. Hermes told Odysseus to use the holy herb moly to protect himself from Circe's potion and, having resisted it, to draw his sword and act as if hewere to attack Circe. From there, Circe would ask him to bed, but Hermes advised caution, for even there the goddess would be treacherous. She would take his manhood unless he had her swear by the names of the godsthat she would not. Odysseus followed Hermes's advice, freeing his men and then remained on the island for one year, feasting and drinking wine. According to Homer, Circe suggested two alternative routes to Odysseus to return to Ithaca: toward Planctae, the "Wandering Rocks", or passing between the dangerous Scylla and the whirlpool-like Charybdis, conventionally identified with the Strait of Messina. She also advised Odysseus to go to the Underworld and gave him directions.[6]- Tiresias (seer)o Blind Prophet of Thebeso Represents the past, present, and futureo Voice of the past-recalls all of the actions that led up to this pointo Odysseus goes to the underworld and follows Circe’s instructions on libations and performs a sacrifice to attract dead souls.o After meeting with Elpenor (who tells Odysseus to go back and bary his body) Odysseus then meets Tiresias.o Tiresias’ soul/spirit drinks must drink the blood that Odysseus poured in order to speak with him.o Present- Tiresias tells Odysseus that Poseiden is punishing him for blinding his son, Polyphemus.o Future- Tiresias foretells Odysseus’ fate (he will return home, reclaim his wife and palace, then make another trip to a distant land to appease Poseiden). Tiresias warns Odysseus not to touch the flocks of Helios or else his men will die and he will return home alone. Tiresias also foreshadows Odysseus’ inevitable death- Elpenoro Associated with the ‘past and the here and the now’o Was unburied and unlamentedo Body was unburned-not ‘dead’o Kleos-renown,glory (what others hear about you after you die, however Odysseus is special because he has this ‘glory’ when he is still alive)- Anticleao Odysseus’ momo Seen after Tiresiaso Died of griefo Odysseus didn’t know she was dead until this point- Other Greek Heros Odysseus meets witho Agamemnon Murdered by Aegisthus (the lover of his wife, Clytemnestra) Orestes, Agamemnon’s son, kills Clytemnestra and her lover Agisthos for revenge. He is bitter toward women, except Penelope because she is loyalo Achilles Odysseus praises Achilles for having earned so much honor after his death But Achilles hates being dead Claims he would rather be a slave of men than king of the deado Ajax Competed with Odysseus for Achilles’ armor and lost Was angry and committed suicide (bitter that he was second best) Odysseus gave him praise Ajax is bitter and turns away from Odysseus- Minoso Judge of the deado Was a lawgiver among the Minoans- Oriono Odysseus sees him hunting in the underworld with a bronze clubo Tried to love an immortalo Eternal chaseo Hubris- Tityoso Rape of Letoo Eternal death-stretched out in Tartarus and tortured by 2 vultures who feedon his liver, which grows back every nighto Hubris- Tantaluso Theft of ambrosia (ambrosia is supposed to give immortalityo Has eternal thirst and hungero Standing in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree, where the fruit is always just out of his grasp, and the water always recedes just out of his reach- Sisyphuso Known for his deceit and trickeryo Revealed forbidden knowledge (told Zues’ secret by telling the river god, Asopus, of the whereabouts of his daughter, Aegina)o Eternal work: He has to roll a huge boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down, making him constantly repeat his actions.- NOTE: reduplication of names=reduplication of torments/punishments- Herakleso The saved oneo Also suffered like Odysseus and was also a well-known Heroo Apotheosis- the glorification of a subject of divine level; the idea that an individual has been raised to a godlike statureOther important Odessey Info:- An Epic Themeo One Adventure is the greatest focus Examples include:-
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