1 Which body systems are involved in excretion Respiratory Integumentary Digestive and Urinary systems 2 If there is a high net filtration pressure or glomerular filtration rate what is stimulated What is released What vessel is affected GFR is how much filtrate is removed from the blood each minute Negative feeback control of high GFR Rapid flow of filtrate in renal tubules sensed by macula densa paracrine secretion constriction of afferent arteriole reduced GFR 3 Why is the filtration pressure high Because afferent arteriole bigger than efferent arteriole causing a resistance to flow 4 If systematic pressure increases the myogenic response of the afferent arteriole is to Smooth muscles contracted Increased BP Stretches afferent arteriole Constricts afferent arteriole Constricts and prevents blood flow into glomerulus from changing very much 5 Fluids and solute move through the glomerular membrane because of 6 What regulates glomerular filtration rate moment to moment Blood pressure 7 What is the primary function of the kidney Excretion Filters blood plasma excrete toxic metabolic wastes Regulates water output to regulate blood volume pressure and osmotic concentration Regulates acid base and electrolyte balance of body fluids Secretes erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production Regulates calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism by participating in the synthesis of calcitriol Clear hormones and drugs from the blood and limit their action Detoxify free radicals Help support blood glucose level by synthesizing glucose from amino acids during starvation 8 How and where is potassium regulated Regulated in the kidneys by aldosterone Excess is excreted in the urine 9 Differentiate between transepithelial paracellular and active transport mechanisms for reabsorption Paracellular solutes and water pass through gaps BETWEEN cells Transepithelial movement of solutes and water THROUGH cytoplasm and out the base of the epithelial cells Active Transport Mechanisms Primary transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane up their concentration gradient with the aid of a carrier that consumes ATP Na K Pump Secondary indirectly by ion gradients Solvent Drag solutes follow solvent with gradients present 10 What happens at the glomerulus The peritubular capillaries Glomerulus filters the blood in your body water and sodium pass through Peritubular capillary network surrounds the convoluted tubules of the nephron They reunite to form an interlobular vein The peritubular capillary network is drained by interlobular veins which conduct the blood toward the renal vein 11 Describe osmolarity at the different parts of the nephron 12 What causes that adrenal CORETX to release aldosterone Drop in blood pressure Blood sodium concentrations falls Potassium concentration rises Angiotensin II ACTH Aldosterone acts on the kidney promoting the reabsorption of sodium ions Na into the blood Water follows the salt and this helps maintain normal blood pressure 13 What happens to fluid if ADH increases Decreases High levels of anti diuretic hormone cause the kidneys to retain water in the body Excess anti diuretic hormone is released when it is not needed causes excessive water retention dilutes the blood giving a characteristically low salt concentration Low levels of anti diuretic hormone will cause the kidneys to excrete too much water Urine volume will increase leading to dehydration and a fall in blood pressure 14 Where is the greatest amount of filtrate reabsorbed Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule 15 Explain H control by the kidney 16 What is the relationship between sodium content in the capillaries and interstitial fluid 17 What does aldosterone do to sodium retention Release of aldosterone causes sodium and water retention increasing blood volume 18 How does water move between body compartments By crossing capillary walls and cell membranes 19 What will increasing blood osmotic pressure do to the thirst center in the hypothalamus 20 How are fluid compartments separated By the plasma membrane of the cells or a layer of endothelial cells separated by a basement membrane Separated by selectively permeable membranes fluids move from one to another 21 What are the three parts of a sperm cell What does each part do or contain Head produce enzymes that help penetrate egg contains nucleus Middle piece contains mitochondria for energy Tail allows locomotion 22 Describe the path of sperm for ejaculation Testes epididymis combines with seminal vesicle ejaculatory duct urethra Swimmer STEVE Seminiferous Tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct 23 What triggers testosterone release What cells secrete testosterone Luteinizing hormone LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone androgen 24 Where is the anatomical location of the prostate What does it secrete Surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory duct immediately inferior to the urinary bladder Secretes prostatic fluid 25 What gland cleanses the penis Bulbourethral Cowper s Gland 26 What is the role of FSH and LH in sperm production LH stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete androgens mainly testosterone FSH stimulates the sustentacular cells to secrete a protein called androgen binding protein which binds testosterone and accumulates it in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and epididymis Without FSH and ABP testosterone has no effect on the testes no response 27 Distinguish between autosomal and sex chromosomes Autosomal contain genetic instruction sex chromosomes determine the gender 28 Where is sperm formed Matured Formed in the testes and matured in the epididymis 29 What is the role of Sertoli cells Protect the germ cells and promote their development secrete two proteins called androgen binding protein and inhibin bother of which regulate sperm production 30 Compare puberty changes in males and females Males Enlargement of penis testes scrotum ducts and glands Body growth bone muscle larynx Erythropoiesis accelerates higher RBC count and hematocrit Increased metabolic rate and appetite Development of pubic axillary and facial hair Increased sperm production Females Thelarche breast development Pubarche pubic and axillary hair Menarche first menstrual period 31 How does vaginal acidity influence sperm Bacteria ferment glycogen to lactic acid which produces a low vaginal pH to inhibit the growth of pathogens The acidity is neutralized by the semen so it does not