Final Exam Study Guide SEX TRAFFICKING 1 What is the relationship between prostitution and sex trafficking People are trafficked for sex in order to work as prostitutes The U S definition of sex trafficking does not require movement so someone forcing another into prostitution may be charged with sex trafficking 2 Definition of sex trafficking Sex trafficking the recruitment harboring transportation provision or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which a commercial sex act is induced by force fraud or coercion or in which the person is forced to perform such an act under the age of 18 Force Fraud kidnapping physical violence rape or confinement false offers of employment fake contracts Coercion threats to the victim and or the victim s family or threats to lose ID false documents or to be deported 3 Describe some of the recent trends in female trafficking both in the U S and globally Trafficking of persons as a new social problem Estimated hundreds of thousands maybe millions trafficked across international borders each year NOT a new phenomenon white slave trade Trafficking Victims Protection Act o Made trafficking a crime o Allowed prosecution for trafficking slavery and forced labor without physical force o Increased penalties for those engaged in trafficking o Provided funding for law enforcement human services and trafficking research 4 Describe some of the methods used by traffickers to lure their victims and ensure their compliance Methods used to lure Promise of legitimate jobs such as nanny jobs Marriage agencies Newspaper advertisements Finding women in rural areas urban migration Female recruiters 70 of recruiters are women Methods to ensure their compliance Finding women in poor economic conditions especially rural poverty Debt bondage labor demanded to repay a loan or money given to fund transport or parents may pledge their children to work in exchange for a loan Isolation o Value of work exceeds original sum owed Threats to victims or their family Climate of fear physical violence towards them and or others 5 How does the U S respond to the issue of human sex trafficking treatment of offenders victims What about other countries United States Trafficked women are punished for prostitution in the U S and are deported if found illegally prostituting The U S does provide T visas to victims of trafficking along with counseling shelter etc and permanent residency in 3 years However most of the recipients are male and these visas are only granted to 1 800 people out of the 17 000 that need them Hundreds of people were indicted for trafficking in 2001 and they often received large sentences However many more trafficking offenses go unpunished Worldwide victims 3 P s 1 Prevention 2 Prosecution of traffickers 3 Protection of Focus on illegal immigration but this doesn t address the trafficking issue Minimum of 8 years for convicted traffickers in most European countries o This doesn t deter higher level hierarchies UN sponsored programs Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings 37 countries so far agreed on this comprehensive support and assistance to victims Sweden focuses on the clients instead of the prostitutes o Gross violation of women s integrity o Prostitution is seen as a type of violence against women o 40 drop in the number of prostitutes o Only clients suffer consequences not prostitutes illegal to buy sexual services but not to sell them GENDER IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 1 Describe the relationship between gender discrimination and criminal law Are gender neutral laws always applied in a similar manner to men and women Gender neutral laws laws in which your gender does not affect how the law is applied towards you law is applied towards you Gender specific laws laws in which your gender is directly related to how the Examples indecent exposure indeterminate sentencing for women rape homicide and capital punishment o Death penalty is most likely in the case of a white female victim and least likely in the case of a black male victim 2 What are the three hypotheses explaining the treatment of women by the criminal Equal Treatment Null Hypothesis both genders receive equal treatment under justice system the criminal justice system Chivalry Paternalism Hypothesis chivalry and paternalism defined below are applied to women throughout the criminal justice process Chivalry women placed on a pedestal reserved for white females Paternalism women are weak and need extra care This hypothesis only applies when the behavior is consistent with gender stereotypes Discretion varies by stage differential discretion Evil Women Double Deviance Hypothesis women who violate gender roles are punished more harshly than men example violent crimes harsher punishment for women who don t fit the traditional gender standards examples not emotional a victim or passive in essence women are punished twice for breaking the law and for deviating from traditional gender stereotypes Early studies support the chivalry hypothesis but contemporary studies support the equal treatment hypothesis 3 Is there evidence to support any of the theories discussed in 2 Include arrest court processing and the U S penal system What about the effects of race Are outcomes different for African American Women Why Arrest Officer discretion in stops citations searching and arrests Not much quality research Women are less likely when stopped to receive citations searches and arrests Race and gender o Traffic stops white women white men Black and Hispanic women for likeliness of getting a citations o Black women are most likely to be searched Court Processing Women are more likely to have families and have fewer prior convictions But situations may be worse for them when it comes to homicides Black women are more likely to be victims of homicide but their deaths are less likely to result in the death penalty Males are more likely to get harsher sentences if the victim is a female and even harsher if she s white Death row for females 55 White 32 African Americans 10 Latinas 2 Native American Eliminate disparities in sentencing o Women with children still get preferential treatment o Victim s gender still matters Only white middle class women benefit from chivalry Evil woman poor racial minority U S Penal System Over the past 20 years women s imprisonment has increased 400 and men s by 200 BUT there s no real change in offending women war on drugs and