Chapter 5 Personality and Values Personality Personality enduring characteristics that describe an individual s behavior the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others Personality tests are useful in hiring decisions and help managers forecast who is best for a job How do you measure personality o Self report surveys o Observer rating surveys provide an independent assessment of personality Heredity and environment lead to a person s personality heredity a little Heredity factors determined at conception one s biological physiological and inherent psychological makeup Personality traits enduring characteristics that describe an individual s more so behavior Myers briggs type indicator MBTI a personality test that taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types o Extraverted vs introverted o Sensing practical like routine and order focus on details vs intuitive look at the big picture o Thinking vs feeling rely on personal value and emotions o Judging want control prefer word that is ordered and structured vs perceiving flexible spontaneous Big Five Model a personality assessment model that taps 5 basic dimensions o Extraversion a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable gregarious and assertive o Agreeableness a personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured cooperative and trusting o Conscientiousness a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible dependable persistent and organized Most consistently related to job performance o Emotional stability a personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm self confident secure positive versus the nervous depressed and insecure negative Most strongly related to life satisfaction job satisfaction and low stress levels o Openness to experience a personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination sensitivity and curiosity Core self evaluation bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities competence and worth as a person Machiavellianism the degree to which an individual is pragmatic maintains emotional distance and believe that ends can justify means Narcissism the tendency to be arrogant have a grandiose sense of self importance require excessive admiration and have a sense of entitlement Self monitoring a personality trait that measures an individual s ability to adjust his behavior to external situational forces Risk taking willingness to take chances Proactive personality people who identify opportunities show initiative take action and persevere until meaningful change occurs Other orientation a personality trait that reflects the extent to which decisions are affected by social influences and concerns vs our own well being and outcomes Values Values basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence o Content attribute a mode of conduct or end state of existence is important o Intensity attribute how important Value system a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual s values in terms of their intensity There is evidence that links our personality to values Values lay the foundation for our understanding of people s attitudes and motivation and influence our perceptions Rokeach value survey o Terminal values desirable end states of existence the goals a person would like to achieve during his lifetime o Instrumental values preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one s terminal values Generational values tend to change over time o Baby boomers achievement material success terminal values of sense of accomplishment and social recognition o Generation X value flexibility life options and the achievement of job satisfaction family and relationships enjoy team oriented work skeptical of authority rank high on true friendship happiness and pleasure o Millennials high expectations socially responsible want to be rich and famous like feedback needy entitled Linking an Individual s Personality and Values to the Workplace Personality job fit theory a theory that identifies 6 personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover o Key points there do appear to be intrinsic differences in personality among individuals there are different types of jobs people in jobs congruent with their personality should be more satisfied and less likely to voluntarily resign than people in congruent jobs Person organization fit people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values International Values Power distance a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally o High accept the inequality Individualism a national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as member of groups Collectivism a national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them Masculinity a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement power and control societal value are characterized by assertiveness and materialism Femininity a national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society Uncertainty avoidance a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them Long term orientation a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future thrift and persistence Short term orientation a national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present respect for tradition and fulfillment of social obligations GLOBE framework Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness is an ongoing cross cultural investigation of leadership and national culture using the same dimensions as above plus humane orientation and performance orientation
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