PSY 100 Fall 2013 1 Motivation Chapter 8 1 8 2 I Motivation for behavior a William James i Innate motives that were activated by features of the i Counted that scholars had proposed over 50 000 instincts environment b William McDougal i 13 instincts ii Parenting iii Food seeking iv repulsion v curiosity c Luther Bernard II The Whys of Behavior a Motivation i activate ii direct iii sustain b Motives i Why of behavior 1 Wants and needs that drive behavior PSY 100 Fall 2013 2 III Instincts a Instinct behavior i Genetically programed ii Innate pattern of responses iii Specific to members of species i Belief that behavior is motivated by instinct b Instinct theory c Not used much anymore i Too broad ii Flexible variable human behavior iii More applicable to animals IV Needs and Drives a Drive theory i Drives arise from need to satisfy biological needs that need satisfaction b Need c Drive d Drive reduction i Satisfy need i State of deprivation or deficiency i Bodily tension resulting from an unmet need PSY 100 Fall 2013 3 e Based on principle of homeostasis V Types of Drives a Primary Drives i Innate food water sex shelter b Secondary Drives i Learned or acquired through experience VI Arousal Theory a Harry Harlow b Stimulus motives i Internal state VII Optimal Level of Arousal a Sensation Seeking i Biologically based drive for exploration ii Prompt stimulation seeking behavior i Marring Zuckerman ii High on sensation seeking 1 Get bored easily 2 Difficulty restraining impulses 3 Strong genetic components VIII Psychological Sources of Motivation a Incentives PSY 100 Fall 2013 4 b Cognitive Dissonance c Psychosocial Needs IX Incentives a pull side of motivation b Incentive value role on this X Cognitive Dissonance i Strength of the pull of goal reward ii Influenced by learning and expectances culture plays a big PSY 100 Fall 2013 5 behavior inconsistant with self image experience dissonance change behavior change attitude add cognitions avoid thinking about it XI Psychosocial Needs a Interpersonal needs b Need for affiliation i Part of a club c Need for achievement i Motivated by challenges ii Motivated by goals iii Avoid failure d Achievement Motivation i Achieve success e Avoidance Motivation i Avoid failure XII Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs PSY 100 Fall 2013 6 a Physiological biological needs sex food b safety c Love and belongingness d esteem e Self actualization XIII Maslow s Other Needs a Cognitive b Aesthetic i Need to know understand explore i Beauty symmetry and order c Self transcendence i Need to connect to something beyond self ii Help others realize own potential XIV Biology of Hunger a Hypothalamus i Eating hunger regulation b Lateral Hypothalamus i Turns on eating mechanism c Ventromedial Hypothalamus i Tells you when you are full d Chemicals involved i Neuropeptide y says you are hungry in brain PSY 100 Fall 2013 7 ii Ghrelin release by stomach tells your brain you are hungry iii Leptin fat cells say you had enough to eat XV Obesity a Related to life threatening problems b Body mass index XVI Causes of Obesity a Consuming too many calories i We have pre determine weight and the brain makes sure we b Basal metabolic rate c Genetic factors d Set point theory stay that weight e behavior i Portion sizes ii exercise f Emotional states i anger ii fear iii depression iv anxiety XVII Eating Disorders and Body Dissatisfaction PSY 100 Fall 2013 8 ii Dangerously low body weight a Anorexia Nervosa i Self starvation b Bulimia Nervosa i Binge eating ii purging