Health Psych Lecture 13 Substance Use and Abuse 1 I Smoking rates A Late 60s current 1 Reduced greatly 2 B Health consequences Smoking and Health Report by the Surgeon General Increased mortality risk 1 2 Cardiovascular disease cancer 3 Sexual impotence colds 4 Negative consequences for fetus 5 Most people who smoke at young age will smoke as an adult 6 Emphysema C Synergistic effects 1 Cholesterol 2 Weight a People with cholesterol problems that also smoke have increased risk of mortality a Smokers that are thin are more at risk for mortality than average weight 3 Oral contraceptives a By themselves low risk of blood clots etc b Smoking increases risk by a lot 4 Risk of breast cancer 5 Depression D Causes of health consequences 1 Nicotine a Raises BP b Blood vessels constrict 2 Carbon Monoxide a Plaques in arteries b Problems with blood circulation 3 Tar a Carsinogens b Abnormal substances within cells 4 Smoke a Damages lungs E Why do people start smoking 1 Psychological factors a Youth trying new identity 1 Sense of optimistic bias b Extraversion 1 More social people more likely to smoke c Depression 1 Smoking helps calm nerves d Weight Control 1 Smoking curves appetite 2 Social factors a Modeling b Media c Peer Pressure 1 70 of first time smoking are in presence of peers d Parents F Why do people continue smoking 1 Addiction physical and or psychological dependence on a substance a Tolerance body no longer responds to particular dose 1 Needs more to get same effects b Withdrawal symptoms 1 Occur when people stop taking substance 2 Fatigue nausea weight gain c Nicotine addictive substance 1 increased alertness 2 increased BP 3 increased HR 4 Focused more feel more awake but not necessarily anxious G Nicotine based Models of Smoking 1 Leventhal and Cleary 1980 a Nicotine fixed effect model b Increased levels of neuroregulators reduction in anxiety and tension 1 WHILE there is an increase in heart rate and relaxation of skeletal muscles 2 Feels good c Nicotine stimulated reward inducing centers in the NS 2 Leventhal and Cleary 1980 a Nicotine regulation model b Smoking only rewarding when nicotine level above body s set point c Need to maintain certain amount go nicotine 3 H